And so, we can assemble the charges one by one, and calculate the work done in each step, and them together. This electric potential energy calculator calculates the electric potential energy of an object based on the object's charge, q, the electric field, E, of the object, and the distance, d, between the charged object we are measuring the electric potential energy of against another charge to which we are comparing it, according to the formula shown above. Potential Energy of a Point Charge in a Field. The unit of electric charge: The SI unit of the electric charge is Coulombs (denoted by C). Kinetic Energy Calculator to calculate kinetic energy. is in unit joules (J). The consumption value is usually found on the energy efficiency label of the heater. the method can be used to calculate the electrostatic energy associated with conformational changes in proteins as well . National Institute of Information Technology. The Electrostatic Potential Energy between Ion Pair is the electrostatic potential energy between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge. How to calculate coulombs? An electric potential energy calculator can be useful for electronics, especially when viewing it from a more physics perspective, because it can be used to calculate Electrostatic Energy Stored in Capacitor Calculator [ No Votes ] Physics Calculators You may also find the following Physics calculators useful. Please complete the form below with information about your swimming pool and we'll help you get the most out your pool by saving you money and energy. Switzerland is reportedly planning to ban electric vehicles in the country. All Rights Reserved. Electrostatic Potential Energy between Ion Pair is denoted by EPair symbol. The wattage values provided are samples only; actual wattage of products varies depending on product age and features. 1 BTU = 0.0002931 kWh 1 kWh 3412 BTU BTU/h, BTU per hour, is a unit of power that represents the energy transfer rate of BTU per hour. In 1918 Max Born and Alfred Land proposed that the lattice energy could be derived from the electrostatic potential of the ionic lattice and a repulsive potential energy term. From Voltage, Current & Time. Average UK Gas Bill In terms of the average gas bill, the average UK household uses 12,000kWh of gas every year at a cost of 7p/kWh. . This law says that two charged particles exert a force on each other equal to: F = q 1 q 2 /r 122 Learn how much energy home appliances use, so you can lower energy costs when purchasing your next electrical product. The opposite of this is when electrons are in motion, which is called kinetic energy. For the sake of generality, it is assumed that the disks have different radii and contain different amounts of total electric charge. Resistivity Calculator Electric potential, denoted by V (or occasionally ), is a scalar physical quantity that describes the potential energy of a unit electric charge in an electrostatic field.. V a = U a /q. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Annual power usage in kWh = 620500 Wh /1000 = 2190 kWh / year. h to BTU you multiply by 3412.141156488. The maximum values of E, B, and S occur at the same instant. The easiest way to calculate gravitational potential energy is to use our potential energy calculator. In this report we describe an accurate numerical method for calculating the total electrostatic energy of molecules of arbitrary shape and charge distribution, accounting for both Coulombic and solvent polarization terms. where q 1 . Charge q 2 is brought from to vector r 2 along . Applicance Name of the appliance. This kinetic energy calculator is a tool that helps you assess the energy of motion. It's easy to determine the costs of running your appliances. To use our energy calculator select by room type, appliance and quantity. In our brief discussion of the potential energy of dipoles in external fields in Section 1.4, we noted that an electric charge that is displaced within an electric field can have work done on it by the electric force, and this can be expressed as the negative of a change in electrical potential energy.. Pruning-down Figure 1.4.5 to a single . You are probably familiar with Coulomb's Law, the central law of electrostatics. 1 Coulomb =1 Ampere1 Second The electrostatic potential is the amount of work required in bringing a point charge from a reference point to a specific position against the effect of the electric field. Currently 4.35/5. Lower your ecological footprint by making smarter decisions regarding energy use. From Power & Time. Formula to calculate energy. F = q 1 q 2 4 0 ( d t + t k) 2. effective distance between the charges is. The Test: Electrostatic Energy & Its Properties questions and answers have been prepared according to the Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) exam syllabus.The Test: Electrostatic Energy & Its Properties MCQs are made for Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) 2022 Exam. With the motor load calculator you can quickly estimate annual energy use and cost for any electric motor. Our services are free, always available online whenever you need them. Here is how the Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions calculation can be explained with given input values -> -3.5E-21 = (-(0.3^2)*([Charge-e]^2))/(4*pi*[Permitivity-vacuum]*6E-09). -3.46225382883671E-21 Joule --> No Conversion Required, -3.46225382883671E-21 Joule Electrostatic Potential Energy between Ion Pair, Repulsive Interaction Constant using Total Energy of Ion, Total Energy of Ion given Charges and Distances, Born Exponent using Repulsive Interaction, Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions, Repulsive Interaction using Total Energy of Ion. Energy consumption calculation The energy E in kilowatt-hours (kWh) per day is equal to the power P in watts (W) times number of usage hours per day t divided by 1000 watts per kilowatt: E(kWh/day) = P(W) t(h/day) / 1000 (W/kW) See also Energy cost calculator Electricity bill calculator How to save energy Write how to improve this page This tool calculates the electrostatic force, called Coulomb force, between two electric charged objects according to Coulomb's law. However, the S vector is oriented towards the direction of propagation of the wave. Example: Calculate the energy produced by an electric iron of power 270 watts when it is switched on for 20 seconds. Energy is a conserved quantity. BTU/h is often abbreviated to just BTU to represent the power of appliances. According to a report in The Telegraph, officials in the country have drafted a proposal that would restrict power usage to prevent blackouts and power cuts. SI unit of time is seconds. By multiplying amp hours and voltage. Energy Use Calculator provides free energy usage calculators to find the electricity consumption of your devices. How to calculate Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions? Home | Calculate Electrical Usage | Articles | About | Contact Us | Terms and License. Performance Factors New What is the new design condition? gallons Btu megajoules liters. This means that the average electric bill in the UK is equal to 580 per year or 48.33 per month. "1 Coulomb is a charge that is transported by the constant current of 1 Ampere during 1 Second". This electric potential energy calculator calculates the electric potential energy of an object based on the object's charge, q, the electric field, E, of the object, and (4) Obtain the energy by considering the resulting electric field of the spherical shell. The electric potential energy of a system of three point charges (see Figure 26.1) can be calculated in a similar manner. The relevant fields will automatically update as you move through the tool to calculate your kilowatt hours (kwh) and use this against your existing electricity price per kwh resulting in an accurate view of the . It is convenient to do just this, and then to divide the result by two. What is Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions? Electricity Bill Calculator UK. Learn where your energy dollars are going. We cover most electrical devices and home appliances, our online calculators can be edited to fit any home appliance and accurately calculate power costs. Wattage in Watts / 1,000 Hours Used Electricity Price per kWh = Cost of Electricity. To use this online calculator for Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions, enter Charge (q) & Distance of Closest Approach (r0) and hit the calculate button. From Current, Resistance & Time. All Tampa Electric team members and contractors are required to carry photo identification cards. Full Load Partial Load 2. Q = r = 1.109 D(3.3356 10 30 C m 1 D)( 1 127.8pm)( 1pm 10 12m) = 2.901 10 20 C. ","formlayout":"top_aligned","formtemplate":"","evalequations":1,"evalequationsevent":2,"autocomplete":1,"persistence":0,"customstyles":""},"formid":"cp_calculatedfieldsf_pform_2"}]; @ 2022 DipsLab.com. Hence the charge on each atom is. the other method is to integrate energy density with respect to volume , which would most . It is defined as the amount of work energy needed to move a unit of electric charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field. Let the plates be moved apart by a small increment dz. To calculate the electrostatic potential energy of a system of charges, we find the total work done, by the external agent, in assembling those charges. So, for example, if we have a 40 W lightbulb left on for 12 hours a day and electricity costs $.15 per kilowatt-hour, the calculation is: 40 watts / 1,000 12 hours $.15/kWh = $.072. As an example, let us calculate the energy required to assemble a sphere of charge with a uniform charge density. When electrostatic energy is built up on a given material, it is referred to as a "static charge." The amount of static charge that an object can hold depends on the physical properties of the material it is constructed with. To keep track of your energy bills using the energy bill calculator, click the 'Gas' or 'Electricity' buttons above then simply enter your previous meter reading along with what your meter currently reads and how many days have passed, then . 20 derived an expression for the electrostatic potential energy of a closed system of conductors and . ","groupingsymbol":"","readonly":true,"hidefield":false,"toolbar":"default|mathematical","fBuild":{},"parent":""}],{"0":{"title":"Electrical Energy Calculator","description":"The measurement of electrical energy by using the power and time. Electrostatic potential energy 0 at infinity is a convenient choice. The BornLand equation is a means of calculating the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. Pool Heating Cost Calculator. The electric potential energy U of a system of two point charges was discussed in Chapter 25 and is equal to (26.1) where q 1 and q 2 are the electric charges of the two objects, and r is their separation distance. one being the straightforward coulomb's law : k=1/ (4*pi*) Q=k/2 * i j q i q j / | ri - rj | ; ij. Project Type Is this a new installation or a replacement? To use the cost of running a house calculator, simply select the item from those listed or enter the wattage of your specific item. 126. Voltage RMS Calculator For example, an AC marked with a label of 12,000 BTU actually has a power requirement of 12,000 BTU per hour. Pump BHP % Flow . Diesel fuel and heating oil conversion calculator. Welcome to the online Energy Bill Calculator for estimating Gas and Electricity bills on the British Gas Standard Variable Tariff. These calculators will provide you with estimates of energy use costs based on your inputs and will allow you to perform energy saving scenarios to pinpoint your opportunities for savings. ","min":"","max":"","formatDynamically":false,"dformat":"digits","formats":["digits","number","percent"],"fBuild":{},"parent":""},{"form_identifier":"","name":"separator1","shortlabel":"","index":2,"ftype":"fSectionBreak","userhelp":"","userhelpTooltip":false,"csslayout":"","title":"","fBuild":{},"parent":""},{"dependencies":[{"rule":"","complex":false,"fields":[""]}],"form_identifier":"","name":"fieldname1","shortlabel":"","index":3,"ftype":"fCalculated","userhelp":"","userhelpTooltip":false,"csslayout":"","title":"Electrical Energy (W) (Joules)","predefined":"","required":false,"size":"medium","eq":"fieldname2*fieldname4","suffix":"","prefix":"","decimalsymbol":". and the distance, d, of the charged object to another charged object to which it is being compared to, measured in meters (m). Electrical Energy Calculator. Among the things to be considered are the voltage used, the masses and heat capacities involved, heat losses, and the time over which the heating takes place. When idle, all water heaters, whether electric or gas, have an energy consumption measured by thermal dispersion at . The calculator is a versatile energy management tool which accepts measured current, full . Capacitor Voltage Divider Calculator Energy Bill Calculator. Enter a wattage value for your own product for the most accurate estimate. Actual costs may vary between customers. C 2 How to Calculate Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions? Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors. Global Electricity Prices - Learn more about how much people are paying for electricity worldwide. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour (kW . Thus it was assumed that the well-separated atoms were interacting mainly electrostatically, since no cut-off distance was used in the . ","min":"","max":"","formatDynamically":false,"dformat":"digits","formats":["digits","number","percent"],"fBuild":{},"parent":""},{"form_identifier":"","name":"fieldname4","shortlabel":"","index":1,"ftype":"fnumber","userhelp":"","userhelpTooltip":false,"csslayout":"","title":"Time (T) (second)","predefined":"2","predefinedClick":false,"required":true,"readonly":false,"size":"medium","thousandSeparator":"","decimalSymbol":". Distance of Closest Approach is the distance to which an alpha particle comes closer to the nucleus. the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. electrostatic potential energy of point charge or system of charges calculator uses electrostatic potential energy = [coulomb]*charge 1*charge 2/ (separation between charges) to calculate the electrostatic potential energy, the electrostatic potential energy of point charge or system of charges is termed as the total work done by an external 0 = r = Relative permittivity or dielectric constant of a medium. A recently developed method for the calculation of electrostatic interactions between two specific sites on a protein is tested and the extent of agreement between the theoretical and experimental results suggests that the continuum solvent model used in the calculations reproduce the essential features of the interaction. This means that the average gas bill in the UK is equal to 840 per year or 70 per month. (3) Calculate the energy by incrementally adding a charge dq to the sphere. Static electricity is a familiar electric phenomenon in which charged particles are transferred from one body to another. Energy Savings Calculator for Air-Cooled Electric Chillers Learn more about the calculator assumptions and definitions. the potential energy of electrons that aren't in motion. Capacitance Calculator. New Replacement How many chillers will you purchase? To Convert from. (1)), and its value is calculated for pairs of atoms that are separated by three or more bonds. Calculate the energy cost on an annual basis if the unit price of energy cost is 15 cents. Voltage Divider Calculator If the electrostatic potential energy between two spheres a distance of 2 meters apart is 100000 J, find the charge of the second sphere given that the first sphere has a charge of -0.005 C.. Usage Hour/month. To use this calculator, a user just enters the charge, q, of the object, measured in coulombs (C), the electric field, E, of the charged object, measured in meters per second (N/C), The electric potential is the amount of electric potential energy per unit charge when a positive test charge is brought in from infinity. F = k q1 q2 d2 F = k q 1 q 2 d 2 F F : electrostatic force between the two objects 1 and 2 in newton (N) k : Coulomb constant k 8.987551787368176 109N.m2.C2 k 8.987551787368176 10 9 N. m 2. The concept of electric potential is used to demonstrate the effect of the electric field of a source charge in terms of the position within the limits of the electric field. Inputs Power Time Output Energy in joules EEnergy in watt hours Calculate Equations Electric power is the rate of doing work, measured in watts, and represented by the letter P. The term wattage is used to mean "electric power in watts." Electrostatics is the part of physics that describes interactions between stationary charges. used in this energy calculator. Electrostatic Energy Stored In Capacitor Calculator Area Of A Coil Calculator Energy Decay As A Function Of Time In Damped Oscillations Calculator Horsepower To Amps Unit Calculator Fresnel Reflectance Of S Polarized Light Calculator Force Produced By An Electric Source Calculator Wire Resistivity Calculator Transmission Power Line Loss Calculator Our calculators provide per hour/day/month/year and kWh per day costs. electrostatic induction, modification in the distribution of electric charge on one material under the influence of nearby objects that have electric charge. The difference, to be accounted for by electrostatic energy, is thus more than $1.982$ MeV; it is \begin{equation*} 1.982\text{ MeV}+0.784\text . . Current Divider Circuit Your instructor may wish for you to consider a . Electric Water heaters' wattage consumes between 1000 and 6000 watts, depending on capacity. electrostatic potential energy between pair of ions calculator uses electrostatic potential energy between ion pair = (- (charge^2)* ( [charge-e]^2))/ (4*pi*[permitivity-vacuum]*distance of closest approach) to calculate the electrostatic potential energy between ion pair, the electrostatic potential energy between pair of ions is the Details of the calculation: These are: The mass of the object; Gravitational acceleration, which on Earth amounts to 9,81 m/s or 1 g; and The height of the object. 1 gallon = 137,381 Btu ( for distillate fuel with 15 ppm or less sulfur content at 5.77 million Btu per barrel in 2021; preliminary) Energy Calculator. Units, symbols and conversion values. Capacitor Energy & Inductor Energy Calculator. Here is the formula to calculate electric potential energy: where, k = coulomb's constant (9*10 9 Nm 2 /C 2) r = distance between the two charges q1 = charge of object 1 q2 = charge of object 2 You can find electric potential energy by entering the required fields in the below calculator and find the output. Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions calculator uses. What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy; How the dynamic pressure and the kinetic energy equations relate to each other. Enter your previous and current meter readings below and click the 'Calculate' button to get an advanced breakdown of your electricity costs and . This tool estimates the potential energy on the basis of three values. The procedure to use the potential energy calculator is as follows: Step 1: Enter the mass, acceleration due to gravity, and height in the input field. Also calculate the cost of the electrical energy used in your process. Newton Second Law Calculator; Current Calculator; Voltage Calculator; Resistance Calculator; Energy Calculator; Capacitor Energy & Inductor Energy Calculator; Power Calculator; Power Types Calculator; Ohm Law . The Electrostatic potential energy between pair of ions is the electrostatic potential energy between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is calculated using, Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions Calculator. Electricity Usage Monitor - Use a Power Meter device to find the exact energy use of most electronics. Calculate the energy produced by an electric iron of power 270 watts when it is switched on for 20 seconds. Energy Density in Electrostatic Field Calculator Normal View Full Page View: Electric Field: V/m: Electrostatic Energy Density Calculator Results; Energy Density = FV 2 /m 3 Thus, because of the electric force between charged particles that constitute materials, a negatively charged object brought near an electrically neutral object induces a positive charge on the near side and a negative charge on the far . In this guide we have included two cost calculators, the first will show you how much you can expect to pay based on your annual electricity use (in kilowatt hours). 1,500 / 1,000 = 1.5 kWh. Thus, we obtain (170) This expression specifies the electrostatic potential energy of a collection of point charges. The calculator will show you approximate monthly total KWh consumption and cost for all appliances, lights and space heaters selected. Solution: Concepts: Electrostatic potential energy and work; Reasoning: The electric field is a conservative field, the work does not depend on the path. The Electrostatic potential energy between pair of ions is the electrostatic potential energy between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge and is represented as. How to calculate Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions using this online calculator? Business Energy Audit - Basic explanation of a business energy audit and how it can help your company save energy and money. . Kitchen. The electrostatic energy is the only long-range non-bonded interaction in the potential energy function (Eq. wattage. I can think of two ways. Akshada Kulkarni has verified this Calculator and 900+ more calculators! the distance, d, between the charged object we are measuring the electric potential energy of against another charge to which we are comparing it, according to the formula shown above. The electricity cost per day in dollars is equal to the energy consumption E in kWh per day times the energy cost of 1 kWh in cents/kWh divided by 100 cents per dollar: Cost ($/day) = E(kWh/day) Cost (cent/kWh) / 100 (cent/$) E = Kq r 2 r ^. Calculate energy costs and potential savings and receive a breakdown of your estimated cost savings and custom heat pump recommendations for your specific pool . Hours per week . Therefore, the energy produced by the electric iron is 4,050 J. Our appliance and electronic energy use calculator allows you to estimate your annual energy use and cost to operate specific products. Step 3: Finally, the potential energy of the body will be displayed in the output field. The result of the computation Find out how much you are paying for each device. The potential energy of this simple system can be equivalently determined by two methods; Keep q 1 fixed at position given by vector r 1 and bring q 2 from to position given by vector r 2.; Keep q 2 fixed at position given by vector r 2 and bring q 1 from to position given by vector r 1.; We will follow the first method. The energy stored in the electric field per unit area of electrode can be calculated from the energy density Equation ( 3.3.2 ); the result of the calculation is UE = ( 2 s 20)z since the electric field strength is given by E = s / 0. Start practicingand saving your progressnow: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-elec. Therefore, the energy produced by the electric iron is 4,050 J. Discover ways that you can reduce your energy bill by implementing some of the advice we offer. A. Electrostatic potential energy, tip-sample force, and force gradient Kantorovich et al. . . In physics, energy is the capacity to do work. Transverse Strength Calculator Energy Stored In A Charged Capacitor Calculator Deceleration Distance Calculator Calibration Tubing Calculator Optical Power Calculator Thermal Expansion Calculator 30-second summary Electric Potential Energy. To calculate the amount of energy that electrons have while not moving, all we have to do is calculate the electric potential energy. Basically, it is the rate of flow of energy in an electromagnetic wave, given by equation (7): Like the electric field and magnetic field, the magnitude of the Poynting vector S also varies with time. Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions Formula. The electrostatic force calculator automatically finds the value of the coulomb's constant value. You can use this tool to determine the approximate energy usage and cost of most major electric appliances. We calculate exactly the electrostatic interaction energy between two coaxial parallel uniformly charged infinitely thin disks. Annual cost of energy = 2190 kWh x $0.15 cents = $ 328.5. form_structure_2=[[{"form_identifier":"","name":"fieldname2","shortlabel":"","index":0,"ftype":"fnumber","userhelp":"","userhelpTooltip":false,"csslayout":"","title":"Power (P) (Watt)","predefined":"5","predefinedClick":false,"required":true,"readonly":false,"size":"medium","thousandSeparator":"","decimalSymbol":". We are the leading online energy bill calculator to work out electricity cost and estimate KWh usage from meter readings or a recent utility bill from your energy supplier. Step 2: Now click the button "Calculate Potential Energy" to get the Energy. Note: - If a plate of thickness t and dielectric constant k is placed between the j two point charges lie at distance d in air then new force. Courses on Khan Academy are always 100% free. It is based on the kinetic energy formula, which applies to every object in a vertical or horizontal motion. learntocalculate.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. The electric appliance calculator is an estimate cost of appliances. Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker. Switzerland is heavily dependent on . Since electrostatic fields are conservative, the work done is path-independent. While electrons are just gathered together and are not moving, they are in a static state, and this is called static electricity. If we take the point R at infinity with this option, WP = UP - U = UP The above expression defines the potential energy of a charge q at any moment in time. If this happens, Switzerland would become the first country to do so. For instance, if you have a 12 V 60 Ah battery, you can calculate its capacity by taking the: 60 Amp hours (Ah) times 12 Volts (V) to get 1,500 Watt hours (Wh) To convert the watt hours into kilowatt hours - divide the watt hours by 1,000. A standard water heater uses 3000 watts of power. SI unit of power is watts. . Related Posts: The energy is just the work done in gathering the charges together from infinity. Weeks per year . 1 BTU/h = 0.2931 watt Electricity cost calculation. See Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions Solution, Electrostatic Potential Energy between Ion Pair. 388 Electrostatic Potential Energy between pair of Ions calculator uses Electrostatic Potential Energy between Ion Pair = (-(Charge^2)*([Charge-e]^2))/(4*pi*[Permitivity-vacuum]*Distance of Closest Approach) to calculate the Electrostatic Potential Energy between Ion Pair, The Electrostatic potential energy between pair of ions is the electrostatic potential energy between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge. Electric potential energy is the amount of energy which a charged object has before it commences motion; in other words, it's the potential energy that a charged object has. Suppose there are N charges fixed at arbitrary locations , how do I calculate the total electrostatic energy ? The second calculator allows you to determine how much it will cost to run a specific appliance based on its specific wattage and the amount of time it is used. Get Started Top 5 reasons to use our services: The total electrostatic energy of such a system can be calculated as: (22) U . The ionic lattice is modeled as an assembly of hard elastic spheres which are compressed together by the mutual attraction of the electrostatic charges on the ions. Prerana Bakli has created this Calculator and 800+ more calculators! The expression for the electrostatic interaction energy at an arbitrary z can be suitably written as:(15) U R R ( z ) = 4 k e Q Q R 0 du J 1 ( u ) u 2 e - z R Annual power usage in Wh = 3000W x 2 Hours x 365 days= 2190000 Wh / year. Electrostatic Energy Density Calculator. Energy calculator This tool calculates the amount of energy produced by electrical power. For example, if two objects are rubbed together, especially if the objects are insulators and the surrounding air is dry, the objects acquire equal and opposite charges and an attractive force develops between them. Electric Calculator. Wattage Avg. The work done by the electric force, a conservative force, to bring a test charge from infinity to a point close to the source of the electric field is stored as Electrostatic energy (U). For the most accurate estimate of your home, complete an energy audits. We can think of this energy as the work required to bring stationary charges from infinity and assemble them in the required formation. This calculator estimates the pump energy savings when retrofitting your system with a VFD. The dipole moment of HCl is 1.109 D, as determined by measuring the extent of its alignment in an electric field, and the reported gas-phase H-Cl distance is 127.5 pm. Welcome to Electricity Bill Calculator UK. A Charge is the fundamental property of forms of matter that exhibit electrostatic attraction or repulsion in the presence of other matter. Advertisements. Electrostatic charges can pose both direct and indirect safety risks. Latest Calculator Release Quantity # of units. Examples of energy include light energy, heat energy, mechanical energy, electrical energy, sound energy and many more. An amp, short for ampere, is a unit of electrical, Viscosity is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow. They achieve the observed equilibrium distance apart due to a balancing short range repulsion. 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