Please accept YouTube cookies to play this video. Replace NaN values for a specific column Pandas DataFrame can be constructed from Python Dictionary. It shows that our example data is constructed of six rows and three columns. Answer 1 How to fill NAN values with mean in Pandas? To replace NaN with zero and infinity with large finite numbers, use the numpy.nan_to_num () method in Python. In Python, the list comprehension method is used to create a list by performing an operation on each item in the existing list. replace nan by 0. replace Nan by 0 python. Have a look at the following video on the Minsuk Heo YouTube channel. Numpy package provides us with the numpy.nan_to_num() method to replace NaN with zero and fill positive infinity for complex input values in Python. Replace Blank Values by NaN in pandas DataFrame in Python, Replace NaN by Empty String in pandas DataFrame in Python, Check If Any Value is NaN in pandas DataFrame in Python, Remove Rows with NaN from pandas DataFrame in Python, Replace NaN Values by Column Mean in Python, Basic Course for the pandas Library in Python, Append Columns to pandas DataFrame in Loop in Python (Example), Create New pandas DataFrame from Existing Data in Python (2 Examples). In this program, we will discuss how to replace nan values with zero by using Pandas DataFrame. In addition to the video, you might want to have a look at the other tutorials on this website. The numpy. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. This method substitutes a nan value with a number and replaces positive infinity with the number of our choice. Read: How to Find Duplicates in Python DataFrame. To replace NaN values with Zero in Specific Column of DataFrame, first access the column (s) using indexing, and then call fillna () method. October 3, 2022 by Zach Pandas: How to Replace Zero with NaN You can use the following basic syntax to replace zeros with NaN values in a pandas DataFrame: df.replace(0, np.nan, inplace=True) The following example shows how to use this syntax in practice. These are the special values in NumPy arrays as well as Pandas and it represents the missing of values in a Dataset. f the column 'petal_length' to nan. Example: Replace Zero with NaN in Pandas Suppose we have the following pandas DataFrame: The 2nd parameter is copy, whether to create a copy of x (True) or to replace values in-place (False). Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. In thisPython Pandas tutorial, will learn how to replace nan value with 0 inPython using Pandas. Here we can see how to replace nan values with zeros for multiple columns by using. replace all np.nan values with 0 pandas. I have some data that is missing values here and there. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Python NumPy Replace NaN with zero and fill positive infinity for complex input values. We first need to load the pandas library, to be able to use the functions that are included in the library: import pandas as pd # Import pandas. If copy is False, this may be x itself. Now we want to replace the np.nan value with zeros by using replace() method. I need to replace the NaN with zeros, as I do mathematical operations with those elements in the list named ls. Without this you will lose the other items. In the above code first, we just import the packages that we will need to execute this program. Now select a particular column element along with Fillna() method. Once you will print df then the output will display only zeros and numeric integer values. In this example, we are replacing nan= 100, posinf = 999999, neginf=0. In order to replace all missing values with zeroes in a single column of a Pandas DataFrame, we can apply the fillna method to the column. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. 2021-06-18 22:49:52. 1980s short story - disease of self absorption, Sudo update-grub does not work (single boot Ubuntu 22.04). These are the special values in NumPy arrays as well as Pandas and it represents the missing of values in a Dataset. The following examples show how to use this syntax in practice. 'x3':[10, 11, 12, float('NaN'), float('NaN'), 13]}) In Example 1, we have exchanged all NaN values in each column of our pandas DataFrame. Then I recommend watching the following video on the YouTube channel of Minsuk Heo. DataFrame.fillna () I tried a list comprehension, but did not work: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Have a look at the previous table. copy : [bool, optional] Default is True. By executing the previous code we have created Table 2, i.e. Pandas replace nan with 0 for multiple columns, How to Add a Column to a DataFrame in Python Pandas, How to Convert Pandas DataFrame to NumPy Array in Python, How to Find Duplicates in Python DataFrame, Check If DataFrame is Empty in Python Pandas, How to Set Column as Index in Python Pandas, How to convert a dictionary into a string in Python, How to build a contact form in Django using bootstrap, How to Convert a list to DataFrame in Python, How to find the sum of digits of a number in Python. Syntax: numpy.nan_to_num(x, copy=True, nan=0.0, posinf=None, neginf=None). Some articles about the substitution of NaN values in a pandas DataFrame by the value 0 are shown below: In summary: At this point you should have learned how to substitute NaN values in a pandas DataFrame by the value 0 in the Python programming language. replace nan in column with 0 pandas. In this Python program, we will discuss how to replace nan value with zero by using pivot and replace function. Check out my profile. Steps to replace NaN values: 0. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Im Joachim Schork. dataframe is called area. Python 2022-05-14 01:01:12 python get function from string name Python 2022-05-14 00:36:55 python numpy + opencv + overlay image Python 2022-05-14 00:31:35 python class call base constructor pandas replace nan with average. This method is used to fills in missing values in Pandas DataFrame. Here is the Syntax of Pandas.fillna() method. Now we want to display only multiple columns in the new DataFrame. In the above code first, we have created a dictionary and assign a key-value pair element. In this method, the inplace parameter is set to, In Python Pandas series can only store a single list with an index and the dataframe is a collection of series to analyze the data. Are there conservative socialists in the US? python fillna 0 with mean in a dataframe. In Python, Programming nan stands for not a number. As a result, this column now has 0 in place of the previously NaN values. As you can see, we have only replaced the NaNs in the column x1. 1 You need to check 'NaN' as a string instead of use isnan (presumably np.isnan) which expects a numeric value. df = df.fillna(0) The following examples show how to use each of these methods with the following pandas DataFrame: import pandas as pd import numpy as np #create DataFrame df = pd.DataFrame( {'points': [25, np.nan, 15, 14, 19, 23, 25, 29], 'assists': [5, np.nan, 7, np.nan, 12, 9, 9, 4 . Once you will print df then the output will display only zeros and numeric integer values. Replacing NaN with 0 in Python Ask Question Asked 5 years, 9 months ago Modified 5 years, 9 months ago Viewed 6k times 2 I have some data that is missing values here and there. require(["mojo/signup-forms/Loader"], function(L) { L.start({"baseUrl":"mc.us18.list-manage.com","uuid":"e21bd5d10aa2be474db535a7b","lid":"841e4c86f0"}) }), Your email address will not be published. In this Program, we have imported a pandas library and then create a list that contains integer and nan values. numpy.nan_to_num (x, copy=True, nan=0.0, posinf=None, neginf=None) Replace NaN with zero and infinity with large finite numbers (default behaviour) or with the numbers defined by the user using the nan, posinf and/or neginf keywords. In Example 1, Ill explain how to replace NaN values in all columns of a pandas DataFrame in Python. When you are using this method in any DataFrame then it will replace every instance of the value in any column. The 1st parameter is the input data. Methods to replace NaN values with zeros in Pandas DataFrame: fillna () The fillna () function is used to fill NA/NaN values using the specified method. Pass 0 as argument to fillna () method. Let's see the syntax of the numpy.nan_to_num () in detail. In the above code first, we have created a DataFrame df and then assign a nan and numeric value in it. replace -1 for nan python. Write more code and save time using our ready-made code examples. Copyright Statistics Globe Legal Notice & Privacy Policy, Example 1: Convert NaN to Zero in Entire pandas DataFrame, Example 2: Convert NaN to Zero in Specific Column of pandas DataFrame, # Print DataFrame with zeros in single column. in a DataFrame. In this tutorial, we will learn how to replace NaN values with 0 in specified columns using DataFrame.fillna () method. In this case, we pass in the value of 0. By accepting you will be accessing content from YouTube, a service provided by an external third party. This method substitutes a nan value with a number and replaces positive infinity with the number of our choice. I tried a list comprehension, but did not work: [0 if i==None else i for i in ls] Thanks for help/suggestions! To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. central limit theorem replacing radical n with n. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? Here is the implementation of the following given code, Read: How to Set Column as Index in Python Pandas, Here is the Syntax of Pandas.Concat() method, Lets take an example and check how to merge two dataframe series and also replace nan values with zeros. You can replace the missing value ( NaN) in pandas.DataFrame and Series with any value using the fillna () method. import numpy library by using "import numpy as np" Video, Further Resources & Summary. nan_to_num () function is used whenever it need to replace nan (not a number) values. Share Improve this answer Follow edited Oct 7, 2020 at 11:49 answered Aug 16, 2019 at 23:44 LoneWanderer Also, we will cover these topics. Read: Check If DataFrame is Empty in Python Pandas. Lets see the syntax of the numpy.nan_to_num() in detail. To replace NaN with 0 in a single column, use the df.replace () function. Appropriate translation of "puer territus pedes nudos aspicit"? He shows similar examples as illustrated by the Python programming codes of this tutorial in the video. convert na to 0 in data frame. How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? In Python, this function is used to combine dataframe series together along with an axis of Pandas object. Replace all missing values with the same value What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked. How did muzzle-loaded rifled artillery solve the problems of the hand-held rifle? Python; numpy replace nan with 0; 5 examples of 'numpy replace nan with 0' in Python. fill missing values, replace nan with 0 or any other valueVisit our website www.metazonetrainings.com for best experience.You can also join us on Facebook: h. This is another approach to replace nan value with zeros by using Pandas DataFrame. Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course. Does the collective noun "parliament of owls" originate in "parliament of fowls"? In this example, the key is considered as a column name and the list contains only string values. neginf is the keyword used for this purpose. Type Dec LookupTable Field Name Field Len Start Pos NUM 0 _ sample data 5 1 NUM 0 _ sample data 10 6 CHAR 0 _ sample data 60 16 NUM 0 _ sample data 3 76 CHAR 0 _ sample data 60 79 CHAR 0 _ sample data 60 139 CHAR 0 _ sample data 60 199 CHAR 0 _ sample data 60 259 NUM 0 _ sample data 3 319 CHAR . turn nan into 0 python; replace nan with 0 array python; pandas mean of column replace nan; replace empty strings with nan pandas; replace nan with 0 list python; replace nan with string pandas column; replace all zeros with nan pandas; replace all strings with nan pandas; convert nans to 0 pandas; replace nan values with average of columns in . replace (): Replace NaN in a Single Column With 0 In the above code, we applied the replace () function to replace NaN values with 0 in the 'Rating' column of the dataframe. Lets take an example and understand what exactly nan values work in Pandas and how to replace nan with zero. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. pandas.DataFrame.fillna pandas 1.4.0 documentation pandas.Series.fillna pandas 1.4.0 documentation This article describes the following contents. Is this an at-all realistic configuration for a DHC-2 Beaver? In the above program, we take a DataFrame with np. In this example, we created an array of imaginary numbers with the help of np.nan and np.inf. replace <na> with none pandas. In this Program, we will discuss how to replace nan values with 0 by using the fillna() method in Python Pandas. replace nan with other dataframe condition. Get code examples like"python list replace nan with 0". Get regular updates on the latest tutorials, offers & news at Statistics Globe. As you can see in the Screenshot the new dataframe contains zeros values in the Japan column name. If you accept this notice, your choice will be saved and the page will refresh. replace all nan with value pandas. See below for how you can define a ternary statement. To replace with 0 for an entire DataFrame. replace space in list with nan. Why does my stock Samsung Galaxy phone/tablet lack some features compared to other Samsung Galaxy models? In this example we will replace all nan values which are available in the given list. replace nan for 0 in pandas all data frame. This syntax works with both matrices and arrays. Now we have created a simple DataFrame object and this DataFrame contains Student_information. In Python Pandas this method is used to fill. Home; Python; python list replace nan with 0; lachtar salih. On this website, I provide statistics tutorials as well as code in Python and R programming. Here is the Screenshot of the following given code, Read: How to Convert Pandas DataFrame to NumPy Array in Python. Programming language:Python. datafraeme replace NA with 0. rename all 0 to na pandas. We can also convert the dictionary, list, and tuple into series by using the pandas. Replace nan in a numpy array to zero or any number: a = numpy.array([1,2,3,4,np.nan]) # if copy=False, the replace inplace, default is True, it will be changed to 0 by default a = numpy.nan_to_num(a, copy=True) # if you want it changed to any number, eg. We pass numpy array to nan_to_num () function to replace nan values with zero.This is how to replace nan with zero. Is there any reason on passenger airliners not to have a physical lock between throttles? I want to replace all '0' to np.nan but I can't achieve that. So we can replace with a constant value, such as an empty string with: df.fillna ('') col1 col2 0 John 1 3 2 Anne 4 1 You can also replace with a dictionary mapping column_name:replace_value: df.fillna ( {'col1':'Alex', 'col2':2}) col1 col2 0 John 2.0 1 Alex 3.0 2 Anne 4.0 Or you can also replace with another pd.Series or pd.DataFrame: change na values to 0 pythn dataswt. nan values. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. In this example, we are replacing nan with the value of 100. The shape of the array is defined by the .shape attribute and the dimension of the array is defined by .ndim. use the df.replace () function. python pandas dataframe Share Improve this question Follow asked Mar 30, 2018 at 14:04 Ilia Chigogidze data given as input. To perform this particular task we can apply the method Pandas.fillna() method. rev2022.12.9.43105. Replace values of a DataFrame with the value of another DataFrame in Pandas, Python | Pandas DataFrame.fillna() to replace Null values in dataframe. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Replace NaN Values with Zeros in Pandas DataFrame, Python | Pandas DataFrame.fillna() to replace Null values in dataframe, Python | Pandas MultiIndex.reorder_levels(), Python | Generate random numbers within a given range and store in a list, How to randomly select rows from Pandas DataFrame, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe. The function allows you to pass in a value with which to replace missing data. In Python this function represents pivot table based on uniques values and also fills with values. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Here is the implementation of the following given code. In the above code first, we have imported pandas and NumPy library and then create a dictionary in which we have to assign numeric integer as well as nan values. In this tutorial youll learn how to exchange NaN values in a pandas DataFrame by 0 in the Python programming language. Read: Python Pandas Write DataFrame to Excel. Python is one of the most popular languages in the United States of America. Every line of 'numpy replace nan with 0' code snippets is scanned for vulnerabilities by our powerful machine learning engine that combs millions of open source libraries, ensuring your Python code is secure. NaN stands for Not A Number and is one of the common ways to represent the missing value in the data. It shows how to check for NaN values and how to replace them in Python - a task that you might need after replacing your blank values by NaN: nan values with zeros. You can use the following basic syntax to replace NaN values with zero in NumPy: my_array [np.isnan(my_array)] = 0. a new pandas DataFrame called data_new1 that contains zeros instead of NaN values. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. remplacer tout les nan par 0 python dataframe. Would you like to learn more about the handling and the substitution of NaN values in a pandas DataFrame by the value 0? Q: python list replace nan with 0. Now select a particular column element along with fillna() method. In the above code first, we have created a DataFrame df and then assign a nan and numeric value in it. Creating Local Server From Public Address Professional Gaming Can Build Career CSS Properties You Should Know The Psychology Price How Design for Printing Key Expect Future. So, it displays a Dataframe series where each value in the series represents the sum of values in a column. Is there a higher analog of "category with all same side inverses is a groupoid"? In the above program first, we have created two different dataframe new_series and new_col which contain integers and nan values. By using our site, you Now in this program, we will check how to replace nan values with zeros by creating a DataFrame object. Here is the execution of the following given code, Here is the Syntax of Pandas.replace() method, Read: How to Add a Column to a DataFrame in Python Pandas. did anything serious ever run on the speccy? dataframe replace nan with mean. replace nan and none from df python pandas. replace nan by zero. For this task, we can apply the fillna function as shown below: data_new1 = data.fillna(0) # Substitute NaN in all columns NaN value is one of the major problems in Data Analysis. In this method, we can also pass various arguments to modify the behavior of the Pandas concatenation operation. Here is the Syntax of Pandas.pivot() function, Here is the Output of the following given code. I need to replace the NaN with zeros, as I do mathematical operations with those elements in the list named ls. Lets take an example and check how to use fill.na() method in Pandas. I hate spam & you may opt out anytime: Privacy Policy. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. I need to replace the NaN with zeros, as I do mathematical operations with those elements in the list named ls. In Python the Pandas provide a function that is. It is a special floating-point value and cannot be converted to any other type than float. The following example shows how to use this syntax in practice. data_new2['x1'] = data_new2['x1'].fillna(0) # Substitute NaN in single column Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. I tried: area.replace (0,np.nan) area.replace (to_replace=0,np.nan) area.replace (to_replace=0,value=np.nan) area.replace ('0',np.nan) What should I do? If you have further questions, please tell me about it in the comments. Not sure if it was just me or something she sent to the whole team. Replace NaN with 0 in pandas DataFrame in Python (2 Examples) In this tutorial you'll learn how to exchange NaN values in a pandas DataFrame by 0 in the Python programming language. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? By using our site, you In Python, this method is used for data cleaning, and this technique is used for replacing nan values with zeros in multiple columns. replace a nan value in a coloum pandas. Now we will use DataFrame.replace() method to replace these values np.nan values with zeros. Also, we have covered these topics. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, Name of a play about the morality of prostitution (kind of). Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Have a look at the previous output of the Python console: We have set all blank cells to NaN. In Python Pandas this method is used to fill NA/NAN values and it always returns the Pandas DataFrame object with missing values. Using replace () to replace NaN values in the entire data frame with 0 To perform this particular task we can apply the. NaN stands for Not A Number and is one of the common ways to represent the missing value in the data. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. pandas dataframe fill null values with np.nan. In this article, we will see how to replace NaN with zero and fill positive infinity for complex input values in Python. I have a file which has data separated with different spaces and column names are also having spaces. Subscribe to the Statistics Globe Newsletter. In the above program, we take a DataFrame with np.nan values. In the above program, we have called the sum() function on this Pandas DataFrame without any axis argument. To do this we will use replace() method along with column name in the list. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Replace NaN Values with Zeros in Pandas DataFrame, Python | Pandas MultiIndex.reorder_levels(), Python | Generate random numbers within a given range and store in a list, How to randomly select rows from Pandas DataFrame, Adding new column to existing DataFrame in Pandas, How to get column names in Pandas dataframe, Python program to convert a list to string. 'x2':[1, 7, float('NaN'), 5, 3, 1], Received a 'behavior reminder' from manager. Required fields are marked *. In this Python Pandas tutorial, we have learned how to replace nan value with 0 inPython using Pandas. Now we will use the fillna() method to replace these values np. In order to replace the NaN values with zeros for a column using Pandas, you may use the first approach introduced at the top of this guide: df ['DataFrame Column'] = df ['DataFrame Column'].fillna (0) In the context of our example, here is the complete Python code to replace the NaN values with 0's: Ways to Create NaN Values in Pandas DataFrame, Drop rows from Pandas dataframe with missing values or NaN in columns, Count NaN or missing values in Pandas DataFrame, Count the NaN values in one or more columns in Pandas DataFrame, Highlight the nan values in Pandas Dataframe. The numpy.nan_to_num method is used to replace Nan values with zero and it fills negative infinity values with a user-defined value or a big positive number. While in the case of the NumPy array it has the np.nan which indicates a missing numeric value. How could my characters be tricked into thinking they are on Mars? The following Python syntax demonstrates how to convert only the NaN values of one specific variable to 0. data_new2 = data.copy() # Create copy of input DataFrame Your email address will not be published. python replace nan values in list. Sometimes None is also used to represent missing values. After running the previous Python programming syntax the DataFrame shown in Table 3 has been created. You can use the following basic syntax to replace NaN values with None in a pandas DataFrame: df = df.replace(np.nan, None) This function is particularly useful when you need to export a pandas DataFrame to a database that uses None to represent missing values instead of NaN. print(data_new1) # Print DataFrame with zeros. I hate spam & you may opt out anytime: Privacy Policy. The page looks as follows: 1) Exemplifying Data & Software Libraries 2) Example 1: Convert NaN to Zero in Entire pandas DataFrame Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? In Python mostly we can replace Nan values with blank strings but in this article, we will discuss how to replace nan values with zeros in Pandas DataFrame. replace none with 0 in python list. All of these columns contain NaN values. replace () The dataframe.replace () function in Pandas can be defined as a simple method used to replace a string, regex, list, dictionary etc. Now iterate through a values use list comprehension method. After that use Pandas.concat() method for concatenating two series with list parameters. Now we will use the posinf parameter to replace np.inf with the 999999 value. The method returns, x, with the non-finite values replaced. Methods to replace NaN values with zeros in Pandas DataFrame: Method 1: Using fillna() function for a single column, Python Programming Foundation -Self Paced Course, Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, Replace all the NaN values with Zero's in a column of a Pandas dataframe. It is very essential to deal with NaN in order to get the desired results. Here we can see how to merge two different dataframe and replace nan value with zero by using the. print(data) # Print example DataFrame. Get regular updates on the latest tutorials, offers & news at Statistics Globe. Now declare a list and assign the column names to it. python numpy array replace nan inf to 0 or number. It replaces nan values with zero and inf with a finite number in an array. But there are a few other points worth noting: You don't define what happens when your value is not 'NaN'. How to Drop Rows with NaN Values in Pandas DataFrame? I have been working with Python for a long time and I have expertise in working with various libraries on Tkinter, Pandas, NumPy, Turtle, Django, Matplotlib, Tensorflow, Scipy, Scikit-Learn, etc I have experience in working with various clients in countries like United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, etc. Method 3: Replace NaN Values with Zero in All Columns. I tried a list comprehension, but did not work: To replace with 0 for an entire DataFrame, use the df.fillna () function. Use pandas.DataFrame.fillna () or pandas.DataFrame.replace () methods to replace NaN or None values with Zero (0) in a column of string or integer type. b. Not the answer you're looking for? set nan values pandas. Syntax: numpy.nan_to_num (x, copy=True, nan=0.0, posinf=None, neginf=None) Parameters: x: array like or scalar object. print(data_new2) # Print DataFrame with zeros in single column. In Python, this function is used to fill out the missing values in the given DataFrame and replace those values with zeros. There are various approaches to solve this problem. Here is the Syntax of Pandas.sum() method. Syntax: Here is the Syntax of Pandas.fillna () method Search snippets; Browse Code Answers; FAQ; Usage docs; Log In Sign Up. Replacing NaN with 0 in Python 1923 March 05, 2017, at 4:15 PM I have some data that is missing values here and there. The following data will be used as basement for this Python programming tutorial: data = pd.DataFrame({'x1':[float('NaN'), 0, 1, float('NaN'), 1, 0], # Create DataFrame Read: Python Pandas replace multiple values. Syntax: numpy.nan_to_num (arr, copy=True) Parameter: arr : [array_like] Input data. How to Drop Columns with NaN Values in Pandas DataFrame? The DataFrame has four variables Columns. 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