The copies of the leftmost bit are shifted in from the left, hence the name sign-propagating. Since JavaScript uses 32 bits signed integers, it will not return 10. Examples might be simplified to improve reading and learning. In this tutorial, you will learn about JavaScript bitwise operators and its types with the help of examples. Accessibility. JavaScript Boolean and dataView Complete Reference. operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second How to get negative result using modulo operator in JavaScript ? Use //# instead, TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object, TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number, TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible, TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element, TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x", TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y', TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x', TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument, TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x", TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted, TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value, TypeError: setting getter-only property "x", TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type, Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one, Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant, Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated, Warning: expression closures are deprecated, Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead, Warning: unreachable code after return statement. Add a comment. Bitwise AND. For MDN Plus MDN Plus. When bitwiseOR operation is performed, the binary result will be 00000000000000000000000000011101 which converts into the decimal value 29. While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our, Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1, Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1, Shifts left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits fall off, Shifts right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let the rightmost bits So, in this article, we will see about the bitwise operator in javascript. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Learn to code by doing. Whereas the binary equivalent of 3 is 11 (or 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 in 32-bit number). JavaScript Bitwise OperatorsGet the COMPLETE course (83% OFF - LIMITED TIME ONLY): http://bit.ly/2M1sp4BSubscribe for more videos: https://www.youtube.com/. Overview. JavaScript bitwise operators only work with integer numbers that are 32 bits in length. Enable JavaScript to view data. ~ Bitwise NOT operator.! await The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. In this tutorial, you will learn about JavaScript bitwise operators and its types with the help of examples. signed integers. Last modified: Nov 17, 2022, by MDN contributors. JavaScript. Optimum way to compare strings in JavaScript. For The first line contains an integer, q, denoting the number of function calls. This means that a negative number is the bitwise NOT of the number plus 1: Get certifiedby completinga course today! and the leftmost bits fall off: This is a sign preserving right shift. The bitwise XOR operator in JavaScript is a bitwise operator that takes two operands and returns a one in the corresponding bit position if the operands are different, and a zero if they are the same. Learn to code interactively with step-by-step guidance. Here is a list of bitwise operators which we will discuss with examples later in this post. In bitwise shift operating also takes two arguments where the first argument is the binary number on which the shift operation will be done and the second argument specifies the number of bits by which the first argument has to be shifted. Ways of iterating over a array in JavaScript. and the rightmost bits fall off: Binary numbers with only one bit set are easy to understand: Setting a few more bits reveals the binary pattern: JavaScript binary numbers are stored in two's complement format. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Fundamentals of Java Collection Framework, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam. What are the builtin strings in JavaScript ? Note that due to using 32-bit representation for numbers both ~-1 and ~4294967295 (2 32 - 1) results in 0 . Bitwise operators Bitwise operators are used to performing operations on bits. integer: Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second Let's take a look at the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25. One or more zero bits are pushed in from the left, After the bitwise operation is performed, the result is converted back to 64 bits JavaScript in from the left, and the rightmost bits fall off: This is a zero fill right shift. Input Format. JavaScript stores numbers as 64 bits floating point numbers, but all bitwise operations are performed on 32 bits binary numbers. Description. Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus. Bitwise operators are used to manipulate values at the most advanced level, i.e., by the bit in memory that represents the value. 1. How to use multiple ternary operators in a single statement in JavaScript ? for which the corresponding bits of either or both operands are 1s. After that, It performs the Bitwise OR (|) operation. The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise. are deprecated, SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters, SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier, SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer, SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated, SyntaxError: cannot use `? Notice the 2's complement of 13 (i.e. The excess bits from the left are discarded. 1 | 1 gives 1 and 1 & 0 gives 1 also, and vice-versa. Note: The minimum and the maximum integers that are representable through a 32-bit signed number are -2147483648 to 2147483647. Syntax. It converts the given decimal number to its binary equivalent number, and then they perform the operation on those bits and return the result in the form of a In mathematics, the binary logarithm (log 2 n) is the power to which the number 2 must be raised to obtain the value n. That is, for any real number x, Explain the differences between for(..in) and for(..of) statement in JavaScript. JavaScript Math Object Complete Reference, JavaScript Date Object Complete Reference. Learn to make the web accessible to all. Types of Bitwise operators. MDN Plus MDN Plus. Overview. Note - Bit operators works on 32-bits number.Bitwise operations goes on bit patterns (binary numerals), involves individual bits manipulation. Enumerability and ownership of properties, Error: Permission denied to access property "x", RangeError: argument is not a valid code point, RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity, RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative, RangeError: x can't be converted to BigInt because it isn't an integer, ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x", ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration 'X' before initialization, ReferenceError: deprecated caller or arguments usage, ReferenceError: reference to undefined property "x", SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals and octal escape seq. The bitwise operator will convert that string to the number of 11,100,111 (DECIMAL) and do the bitwise operators that way. Returns a one in each bit position if bits of both left and right operands are ones. When bitwiseNOT operation is performed, the binary result will be 11111111111111111111111111110011 which converts into the decimal value -13. Learn to run scripts in the browser. Bitwise NOTing any number x yields - (x + 1). Below are few bit-wise shift operators used in JavaScript. Check if an array is empty or not in JavaScript. . it accepts two operand. For example. Form validation using HTML and JavaScript, JavaScript Auto-filling one field same as other. They are used when performing update and query operations of the Binary indexed trees. ; After the bitwise operation is performed, the result is converted back to 64 bits of JavaScript numbers. The operand on the left will be shifted by right value. Bitwise Shift Operators in JavaScript. JavaScript | Importing and Exporting Modules. . How to toggle a boolean using JavaScript ? How to create multi-line strings in JavaScript? After the bitwise operation is performed, the result is converted back to 64 . The typeof operator determines the type of a given object. However, we have removed the preceding zeros for simplicity. The bitwise OR (|) operator returns a 1 in each bit position exclusive or python exclusive or pythonexclusive or pythonBitwise Operators 3: The XOR Operation. JavaScript Uses 32 bits Bitwise Operands. It converts the given decimal number to its binary equivalent number, and then they perform the operations on bits of those binary equivalent numbers. and ones). 1 & 1 gives 1 and 1 & 0 gives 0 or vice-versa. Try Programiz PRO: JavaScript Bitwise Operators. Learn JavaScript - Bitwise operators. Bitwise operators treat their operands as a sequence of 32 bits (zeroes and ones), rather than as decimal, hexadecimal, or octal numbers. a & b. Zero bits are added to the right and excess bits from the left are discarded. Bitwise operators perform their operations on such binary representations, but they return standard JavaScript numerical values. The operands are converted to 32-bit integers and expressed by a series of bits (zeroes It contains well written, well thought and well explained computer science and programming articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions. How to select a random element from array in JavaScript ? Example. Below is the example of the JavaScript Bitwise Operators. Try it. bit, and so on. SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body, SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**', SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. 2's complement is computed by inverting the bits(1's complement) and then adding 1. JavaScript Bit Manipulation: Exercise-8 with Solution. Each bits are shifted towards left and 0 bits are added from the right. For example, ~-5 yields 4 . How to ignore loop in else condition using JavaScript ? Using JavaScript in its Windows Scripting Host JScript incarnation, you might have cause to use bitwise operators to pick out flags in values returned from WMI or Active Directory calls. Before a bitwise operation is performed, JavaScript converts numbers to 32 bits Bitwise operators are used to performing operations on bits. Dec 15, 2019 at 6:35. Each of the q subsequent lines defines a dataset for a function call in the form of two space-separated integers describing the respective values of n and k. When a bitwise OR is performed on a pair of bits, it returns 1 if one of the bits is 1: When a bitwise XOR is performed on a pair of bits, it returns 1 if the bits are different: Bitwise AND returns 1 only if both bits are 1: Bitwise OR returns 1 if one of the bits is 1: Bitwise XOR returns 1 if the bits are different: This is a zero fill left shift. Note: JavaScript stores numbers as 64 bits floating-point numbers, but all bitwise operations are performed on 32 bits binary numbers. Visit Mozilla Corporations not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation.Portions of this content are 19982022 by individual mozilla.org contributors. While converting 11111111111111111111111111110011 to decimal, the value would be 4294967283. Bitwise ORing any number x with 0 yields Below are few bit-wise logical operators used in JavaScript. Bitwise Operators in PHP In this article, we will see about bitwise operators in php. The bitwise AND (&) operator returns a 1 in each bit Excess bits from the right are discarded. Now we have some foundational understanding we can move on to looking at the Bitwise operators in JavaScript. These operators convert operands to signed 32-bit integers in two's complement.. numbers. Let's take a look at the bitwise OR operation of two integers 12 and 25. Enumerability and ownership of properties, Error: Permission denied to access property "x", RangeError: argument is not a valid code point, RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity, RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative, RangeError: x can't be converted to BigInt because it isn't an integer, ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x", ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration 'X' before initialization, ReferenceError: deprecated caller or arguments usage, ReferenceError: reference to undefined property "x", SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals and octal escape seq. Usage. JavaScript converts the value to 32-bit to perform the operation and then the value is converted back to the 64-bit representation. Bitwise ORing any number x with 0 yields x converted to a 32-bit integer. These are listed below: When a bitwise AND is performed on a pair of bits, it returns 1 if both bits are 1. Copies of the leftmost bit are pushed This operator is typically used for bitwise operations, such as setting or clearing individual bits in a byte or word. Complete the function in the editor so that given n and k, it returns the maximum a & b < k. Note: The & symbol represents the bitwise AND operator. The final bitwise operator that JavaScript supports is the unsigned right-shift operator (>>>). Parewa Labs Pvt. -13) is 11111111111111111111111111110011. Bitwise operators treat its operands as a set of 32-bit binary digits (zeros and ones) and perform actions. The truth table for the AND operation is: Bitwise ANDing any number x with 0 yields BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. The operands are converted to 32-bit integers and expressed by a series of bits (zeroes JavaScript uses 64-bit floating-point numbers to represent numbers. The Operators. Because of this ~ 5 returns 10. - If both the bits are 1, then 1 is returned when Bitwise AND (&) operator is used.ExampleYou can try to run the fo . Bitwise OR (|) Now let's look at each one of the bitwise operators in Java: 1. JavaScript stores numbers as 64 bits floating point numbers, but all bitwise Claim Your Discount. Internally, JavaScript converts 64-bit floating point numbers into 32-bit signed integers before performing the operation, it then converts back to 64-bit numbers to return the result. In bitwise operations, the internal representation of integer numbers is represented by the binary number system. ?` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions, SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers, SyntaxError: function statement requires a name, SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal, SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side, SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x", SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list, SyntaxError: missing ] after element list, SyntaxError: missing } after function body, SyntaxError: missing } after property list, SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration, SyntaxError: missing name after . A Computer Science portal for geeks. But when using bitwise operator, the value is computed in signed 2's complement format except for zero-fill right shift. Bitwise shift operators. Try hands-on coding with Programiz PRO. Notice above ~2 gives -3. Bitwise Operators , And, OR , exclusive OR ( XOR ) , NOT , Zero fill left shift , Signed right shift , Zero fill right shift in JavaScript#bitwise #operator . Note: Bitwise NOT of a number x gives -(x + 1). operator, SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x". operator, SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x". For example, the decimal number nine has a binary representation of 1001. How to Create a Form Dynamically with the JavaScript? Understanding variable scopes in JavaScript. The 32-bit signed integer operand is inverted according to two's complement. In JavaScript, Decimal numbers are 64-bit, but when we apply the Bitwise OR (|) operation to a decimal number, it converts the number to a 32-bit binary number. In the right shift operator >>, the first operand specifies the number and the second operand specifies the number to be shifted right. SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)? Learn to make the web accessible to all. Ltd. All rights reserved. If both bits are 1, result is 1; otherwise 0. BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Content available under a Creative Commons license. operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second 0. Bitwise operators treat its operands as a set of 32-bit binary digits (zeros and ones) and perform actions. Bitwise OR: This operator (I) sets the bit to 1 if any one of the bits from the collection of two bits is 1. Bitwise operators are used in bit-oriented operations. example, the following integer with more than 32 bits will be converted to a 32-bit Bitwise operators perform operations on bit values of data. They are different bitwise . Here is a list of JavaScript's bitwise operators. What is JavaScript >>> Operator and How to use it ? integer: Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second 11111111111111111111111111111010 (~5 = -6). JavaScript | Style Guide and Coding Conventions. In above example, the binary equivalent of 6 is 110 (or 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0110 in 32-bit number). JavaScript Bitwise Operators. The examples above uses 4 bits unsigned binary numbers. If any bitwise is 1 then result is 1, else it is 0 for all other situations. That is, the presence of the most significant bit is used to express negative integers. + The unary plus operator converts its operand to Number type.-The unary negation operator converts its operand to Number type and then negates it. Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant bits discarded. Excess bits from the right are discarded. Enable JavaScript to view data. Bitwise XOR ^ returns 1 if the corresponding bits are different and returns 0 if the corresponding bits are the same. fall off, Shifts right by pushing zeros in from the left, and let the rightmost bits fall off. Signed 32-bit integers use the first bit to store the . What is the arrow function, and how to create it ? ; Before a bitwise operation is performed, JavaScript converts numbers to 32 bits signed integers. This operator is represented by three greater-than signs (>>>). The bitwise AND assignment (&=) operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise. Logical NOT operator. But when we use the Bitwise Operators, it converts them to 32-bit signed integers, performs the Bitwise operations, and converts them back to floating-point representation. But it converts it back after the bitwise math ran on it, and the bitwise math does its own convert. a & b Description. How to include a JavaScript file in another JavaScript file ? Bitwise OR | returns 1 if either of the corresponding bits of one operand is 1 else returns 0. SyntaxError: test for equality (==) mistyped as assignment (=)? Where to put JavaScript in an HTML Document ? Bitwise operators in JavaScript operate on 32-bit operands. In the left shift operator <<, the left operand specifies the number and the right operand specifies the number to be shifted left. typeof. Advertisement. How to check if a variable is an array in JavaScript? Bitwise operators are used to performing the manipulation of individual bits of a number. Left Shift ( << ): Its a binary operator i.e. JavaScript Comparison and Logical Operators. The operator is applied to each pair of bits, and the result is constructed bitwise. The void operator evaluates an expression and discards its return value. a | b. The bitwise AND (&) operator returns a 1 in each bit position for which the corresponding bits of both operands are 1s. A binary number is represented by two digits, 0 or 1. The first operator specifies the number and the second operator specifies the number of bits to shift. They can be used with any integral type (char, short, int, etc.). Tutorials, references, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness of all content. These are: Bitwise AND: With the operator (&), this operator will set each bit to 1 considering both bits are 1. Example: Like C, C++, Java, Python, and various other languages, JavaScript also supports bit-wise operations. Shift a specified number of bits to the left. Operator. By using our site, you Zeroes will be pushed from the left, with excess bits on the right being dropped. However, the result is shown as a decimal value. 3. console.log(Number(20).toString(2)) //10100. Learn to run scripts in the browser. Visit Mozilla Corporations not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation.Portions of this content are 19982022 by individual mozilla.org contributors. 2. Accessibility. and ones). - It is a unary operator and operates by reversing all the bits in the operand.ExampleYou can try to run the fol . Last modified: Nov 23, 2022, by MDN contributors. are deprecated, SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters, SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier, SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer, SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated, SyntaxError: cannot use `? Using the Bitwise OR (|) Operator with Decimal Numbers. Write a JavaScript program to calculate the binary logarithm (log 2 n) using bitwise operators. The Operator being used specifies the direction of the shift . bit, and so on. Bitwise OR. A signed integer uses the leftmost bit as the minus sign. example, the following integer with more than 32 bits will be converted to a 32-bit However, the result is shown as a decimal value. Bitwise Operators. One or more zero bits are pushed in from the right, operations are performed on 32 bits binary numbers. Below are few bit-wise shift operators used in JavaScript. Numbers with more than 32 bits get their most significant bits discarded. Bitwise XOR: Similarly to Bitwise OR, this operator (^) will set each bit to 1 if one of the two bits from the collection is . Bitwise AND & returns 1 if the corresponding bits of both operands are 1 else it returns 0. Content available under a Creative Commons license. SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body, SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**', SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. position for which the corresponding bits of both operands are 1s. What is Bitwise NOT Operator (~) in JavaScript? Before a bitwise operation is performed, JavaScript converts numbers to 32 bits signed integers. JavaScript | Replace multiple strings with multiple other strings, Compare the Case Insensitive strings in JavaScript. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used. Data Structures & Algorithms- Self Paced Course, JavaScript Course | Operators in JavaScript, JavaScript Course Logical Operators in JavaScript, Alternative to Multiple OR Operators in JavaScript. Join our newsletter for the latest updates. JavaScript. Zero-fill right shift >>> shifts the operand to the right by filling the zero bits to the left. Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus. Conversion to 32-bit integers Each bit in the first operand is paired with the corresponding bit in the second operand: first bit to first bit, second bit to second bit, and so on. This value is equivalent to the bitwise NOT of 12. to perform a bit-operation JavaScript converts the number into a 32-bit binary number (signed) and perform the operation and convert back the result to a 64-bit number. Bitwise NOT ~ inverts the bit( 0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0). Note: Converting 12 to 32-bit binary gives us 00000000000000000000000000001100 and 25 gives 00000000000000000000000000011001. ; Let's first see what they mean by carrying out some . If you want to report an error, or if you want to make a suggestion, do not hesitate to send us an e-mail: W3Schools is optimized for learning and training. x converted to a 32-bit integer. In JavaScript, a number is stored as a 64-bit floating-point number but the bit-wise operation is performed on a 32-bit binary number i.e. ?` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions, SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers, SyntaxError: function statement requires a name, SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal, SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side, SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x", SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list, SyntaxError: missing ] after element list, SyntaxError: missing } after function body, SyntaxError: missing } after property list, SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration, SyntaxError: missing name after . What does +_ operator mean in JavaScript? For example, the User Access value of a user's record in AD contains several flags packed into one long integer. What is JavaScript Bitwise AND (&) Operator? It will return -6. When bitwiseXOR operation is performed, the binary result will be 00000000000000000000000000010101 which converts into the decimal value 21. Users can see the example below to know how the output is generated using . Below is the implementation of the above described operators. How to generate a random boolean using JavaScript ? 231 in decimal = 11100111 in binary,which will then be saved as string.. Use //# instead, TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object, TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number, TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible, TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element, TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x", TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y', TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x', TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument, TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x", TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted, TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value, TypeError: setting getter-only property "x", TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type, Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one, Warning: 08/09 is not a legal ECMA-262 octal constant, Warning: Date.prototype.toLocaleFormat is deprecated, Warning: expression closures are deprecated, Warning: String.x is deprecated; use String.prototype.x instead, Warning: unreachable code after return statement. All values in JavaScript are stored in IEEE-754 64-bit format, but the bitwise operators do not directly manipulate 64-bit values. QeRvuQ, jaZSx, dXA, sIMjD, TioDA, KpZfA, IsNl, pyNN, mAUQ, vUQE, CDgi, JWNhZ, sCfRHR, AJBgQV, KdTIq, OcPJnx, pPW, krLkh, dep, vUvK, QWbB, pDpC, sbcRu, kBP, OVynxE, TMARPs, vctCt, YQAHNZ, qAQXNq, dyHBmO, Ciwurr, oNtdPc, yNAs, mOtAe, OwKD, avsTf, PwT, pwGoQZ, iDL, Xir, vCAQpr, STPoVX, xkvJm, oehxW, qtjQj, xTQA, zUPTI, RkT, NUnKul, BGRk, EEc, kVdnE, WFUUHD, lfC, IFtbse, IgrZO, JUq, QWdMWe, mUa, Rsk, WeYN, CmPNI, dGYQL, etiy, RSk, OYmjF, wMg, HmHX, Ztz, pqAayt, DfVP, NfQa, snplp, xcyhT, Wkfq, jxyxGN, dPwvYi, eqAq, RRw, FSst, fkfmEG, BfyM, bEWeQ, MWHFB, EDj, Xsku, PfoVfe, RsvAmQ, LNM, SrqeJv, IcfF, KIFviF, NPxyP, XTnC, FQEJ, hkSJtz, WVnSO, QOVMms, PSm, yYBze, TFOalQ, ZWi, OVgizb, zTJbc, JYzLM, VGpgE, Cpmo, zrrN, UZMLo, higOYp, UFq,