A Survey of Caste among South Asian Americans." Economic and Political Weekly, pp.11421144. [180], In the case of Sikh Khatris, their Kshatriya claim reflects a contradictory attitude towards the traditional Hindu caste system. This growth of 106% largely resulted from the influx of Partition migrants among other reasons. [5] Dalit is a vernacular form of the Sanskrit (dalita). [33] Some converted to Islam and formed the Muslim Kayasth community in northern India. [139] By the time of World War I, their numbers had increased to 28,000. [77][78], According to an analysis by The IndiaGoverns Research Institute, Dalits constituted nearly half of primary school drop-outs in Karnataka during the period 201214. [46] Ptolemy writing in the 2nd century AD refers again to another tribe called the Khatriaoi to whom belong cities lying east & west of the Indus. [26], Across North India, the Pathan population is chiefly spread over 74 districts. [36] Another Kayastha called Acala is the scribe of Chanakya. 39. WebPathans in India are citizens or residents of India who are of ethnic Pashtun ancestry. It was determined that neither of those Acts were effective, so the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 (POA) came into force. During British rule, the Bengali Kayasthas, the Bengali Brahmins and the Baidyas considered themselves to be Bhadralok, a term coined in Bengal for the gentry or respectable people. Gaddi is an amalgamation of various groups such as Khatris, Rajputs, Brahmins etc. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Gopal Baba Walangkar (c. 18401900) is generally considered to be the pioneer of the Dalit movement, seeking a society in which they were not discriminated against. AP NEWS. [184] The Saraswat Brahmins are the purohits of Khatris and accept gifts only from them. "Transnational Advocacy Networks and Affirmative Action for Dalits in India.". The Hindu Forum of Britain conducted their own research, concluding that caste discrimination was "not endemic in British society", that reports to the contrary aimed to increase discrimination by legislating expression and behaviour and that barriers should instead be removed through education. [116], The Government of India has attempted on several occasions to legislate specifically to address the issue of caste-related violence that affects SCs and STs. [89] While Dalits (including both SCs and STs) constitute 25 per cent of the Indian population, they account for 33.2 per cent of prisoners. Notable modern authors include Mahatma Phule and Ambedkar in Maharashtra, who focused on the issues of Dalits through their works and writings. [12] One such incarceree who was serving life imprisonment on the island, Sher Ali Afridi, became known as the assassin of Lord Mayo, the Viceroy of India, while the latter was visiting the settlement in 1872. [94] The Bhagana rape case, which arose out of a dispute of allocation of land, is an example of atrocities against Dalit girls and women. [37][38] Dr. Dharamvir Bharati comments that in Punjabi language, Kshatriya is pronounced as Khatri. However, Bangaru Laxman, a Dalit politician, was a prominent member of the Hindutva movement. Until recently it was never used in polite company or print, but today the word is used quite openly"[62][201][202] According to Birinder Pal Singh, Jat Sikhs consider only themselves as Sikhs and consider Khatris as "bhapas". The percentage is highest in Maharashtra (50 per cent), Karnataka (36.4 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh (36 per cent). [13][14][15], According to Merriam-Webster, the word Kyastha is probably formed from the Sanskrit kya (body), and the suffix -stha (standing, being in). Dwija woman. Thus, the Khatris led the vaishyas in seeking a higher social position in the flexible Varna hierarchy based on their superior achievements. [71], According to Kumar Suresh Singh, in the state of Karnataka, the Pathans are "distributed in all districts. [155][154], Punjabi Khatris and others, together with the traditionally "urban and professional" castes, formed a part of the elite middle class immediately after independence in 1947. [143] Zakir Husain, an Afridi Pathan, was an economist and politician who served as the third president of India from 1967 to 1969. [90] About 24.5 per cent of death row inmates in India are from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which is proportionate to their population. The "impure status" was related to their historic hereditary occupations that caste Hindus considered to be "polluting" or debased, such as working with leather, disposing of dead animals, manual scavenging, or sanitation work. In the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC), 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs. [22], It is possible that kayasthas may have started out as a separate profession, similar to bankers, merchants, and artisans. The leader of this conversion movement to Sunni Islam was Jafar Patani, himself a Bohra convert to Sunni Islam. The surname is in UP is doing well politically; it is not perfect, but they have over 20C people and need time to manage them!! Equality Labs, USA. [159][160] Many of these Khatris had to face the brunt of 1990 Kashmiri Hindu Exodus. [52][181][182][183][15] In Indian historian Satish Chandra's opinion, certain castes like Khatris and Kayasthas "do not quite fit" in the Hindu Varna system. [73] In metropolitan areas around New Delhi and Bangalore, Dalits and Muslims face discrimination from upper caste landlords when seeking places to rent. The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh combined the Chamar, Dhusia, Jhusia, Jatava Scheduled Caste communities and returned a population of 22,496,047. [1][2], Community from the state of Gujarat in India, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunni_Bohra&oldid=1101454477, Articles needing additional references from July 2012, All articles needing additional references, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 July 2022, at 03:48. [153], Damodaran adds that the land Khatris originally belonged to had very little industry and rail infrastructure until the 20th century and hence were not comparable to merchant groups like Banias in terms of scale and spread of operation. UP is doing well politically; it is not perfect, but they have over 20C people and need time to manage them!! Family names indicating Arab ancestry, e.g. In the north, the subcontinent is bordered by the Himalayas, fairly young fold mountains. [37], George Kunnath claims that there "is and has been an internal hierarchy between the various Dalit castes". [19] The suffix -vanshi is Sanskrit and translates as belonging to a particular family dynasty. Despite political connections and the financial ability to struggle against ingrained prejudices, Chirag was not able to "bag" any other movie project in the following years. [127] Pir Roshan, a Sufi who is regarded as one of the earliest Pashto writers, was a Pashtun from Waziristan who was born in Jalandhar. Charotar Vohra is also a different caste they all live in the charotar region Gujarat and Nadiyadi Vohra is a sub cast of charotar Vohra and they live in Nadiad. [192], The vast majority of Khatris are Hindu. [112] Actress Madhubala, who is sometimes called the "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood," was a Yusufzai Pathan. [106][107][108], The Gujarat Sultanate (1407-1523) was a medieval Muslim dynasty founded by Zafar Khan Muzaffar, a member of the Tank caste originally from South Punjab. In the 19th-century, British failed to agree whether their claim of Kshatriya status should be accepted. They most likely gained the characteristics of a caste under the Sena dynasty. The oppression however was not fully stopped as the friction between upper-caste landlords and the tillers continued. Chirag, in his early days, described Bollywood as his "childhood dream", but eventually entered politics instead. This attitude describes the disapproval of low-caste Indians such as Dalits held by upper caste Indian Americans at the time. Kayastha (also referred to as Kayasth) denotes a cluster of disparate Indian communities broadly categorised by the regions of the Indian subcontinent in which they were traditionally locatedthe Chitraguptavanshi Kayasthas of North India, the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Maharashtra, the Bengali Kayasthas of Bengal and Karanas[2][3] of Odisha. [223][225], Caste-based discrimination has occurred amongst Sikhs in the UK. [193] Regarding her election in 2007, some reports claimed her victory was due to her ability to win support from both 17 per cent of Muslims and nearly 17 per cent Brahmins[194] alongside 80 per cent of Dalits. Sharing many cultural similarities with the Dawoodi Bohras, they are often confused with that community. In 1538, Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi, a missionary from Sindh, convinced Patani Bohras to cease social relations with Ismaili Bohras. [13][14] During Sikandar Shah Miri's rule from 1389 to 1413 CE, his prime minister Suha Bhatt embraced Islam along with his family by Mir Muhammad Hamadani and took the name of Saif-ud-Din, along with earning the title of Malik.[15]. [11], Scheduled Castes is the official term for Dalits in the opinion of India's National Commissions for Scheduled Castes (NCSC), who took legal advice that indicated modern legislation does not refer to Dalit and that therefore, it says, it is "unconstitutional" for official documents to do so. [11] The Pashtun homeland is located in Central Asia and the northwestern region of South Asia;[17] it roughly stretches from areas south of the Amu River in Afghanistan to west of the Indus River in Pakistan, mainly consisting of southwestern, eastern and some northern and western districts of Afghanistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Balochistan in western Pakistan,[18] with the Durand Line acting as the border between the two countries. [13] Khan Mohammad Atif, an academic at the University of Lucknow, estimates that the total population of Pathans in India may be "twice their population in Afghanistan". When the first caravan of Muslim weavers arrived in Benaras, the Khatri, who were considered low-caste Hindus at the time, helped them. [22] It is based on the short story of the same name written by Rabindranath Tagore in 1892, featuring the story of a wandering Afghan merchant in Bengal in pre-partition India. According to the U.S. Social Security Administration in 2012, Arya was the fastest-rising girl's name in popularity in the It is derived from pala, a Sanskrit word which means a keeper or a protector. The surname is used by individuals from various communities across the Bengal region. Kuch bhi. [105], Suraiya Faroqhi, writes that, in 1742 Gujarat, the Khatris had protested the immigration of Muslim weavers by refusing to deliver cloth to the East India Company. "[63][64], While discrimination against Dalits has declined in urban areas and in the public sphere,[65] it still exists in rural areas and in the private sphere, in everyday matters such as access to eating places, schools, temples and water sources. The Case of Dalits and Mahadalits", Lived Realities of Women Sanitation Workers in India: Insights from a Participatory Research Conducted in Three Cities of India, "Why the Hindu Caste System Presents a New Challenge for Human Rights", "Positive Discrimination in the Constitution of India", "Meira Kumar, a Dalit leader is the new Lok Sabha Speaker", "What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades? The first case began in 1860 in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh with a property dispute where the plaintiff was considered an "illegitimate child" by the defendants, a north-Indian Kayastha family. [165], Khatris claim that they are Kshatriyas. [27][41] The Sheenkhalai, numbering up to 500 at the time of partition, settled mostly in Rajasthan (in Uniara, Jaipur and Chittorgarh) and Punjab, and adopted Indian culture. Inter-caste marriage among Christians is also not commonly practised. [181] In 2015, Cobrapost exposed many leaders especially like C. P. Thakur alongside former PM Chandra Shekhar associated with Ranvir Sena in Bihar Dalit massacres[182] while governments of Nitish Kumar (under pressure from BJP), Lalu Prasad Yadav and Rabri Devi did nothing to get justice for Dalits. In the past, Chamar had shared bitter relationship with the Pasis, another Dalit caste. Hence, the change from Kshatriya to Khatri is in consonance with the Prakrit rule and Hindi usage. It was popularised by Ambedkar, himself a Dalit,[8] who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of Dalits. Most of the subcontinent gets its rains from the south-west monsoon, except for the north-west and Sri Lanka, which rely on winter rains. [36] Peter Hardy and A. R. Desai also agree that Khatri is derived from Kshatriya. They consider castes in north India, like Khatri and Kayastha to be merchant castes who claim higher status to befit the educational and economic progress they made in the past. [34], Purnima Dhavan sees the claim as originating from a conflation of the phonetically similar words khatri and kshatriya, but refers to Khatris as a "trading caste" of the Sikh Gurus. [61] The Khatris spoke Hindko and Potohari language. She quotes a translation from a Marathi publication that gave a Brahminic opinion of this attempt: Everyone does what he wants, Sonars have become Brahmins, Treemungalacharya was insulted by throwing cowdung at him in Pune, but he has no shame and still calls himself a Brahmin. [122] The constitution of Bangladesh proclaims Islam is the state religion but upholds secularism. "Westlaw Today." Originating from Quetta and Loralai, they brought their customs and practices with themselves to India, where they became known as the Sheenkhalai (Pashto for "the blue skinned"). [96] Notably, the Hindko-origin[97] Dilip Kumar (born Yusuf Khan)[98][99][100] and Shah Rukh Khan,[101][102][103] or the Punjabi-origin Hindu Pathans like the Kapoor family,[22][104][105] while not ethnically Pathans, are often referred to as "Pathans" due to their culture and origins in Peshawar. [41], Many Khatris use this etymology to claim that they are Kshatriyas. According to a 2007 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW), the treatment of Dalits has been like a "hidden apartheid" and that they "endure segregation in housing, schools, and access to public services". Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. [150][151], In squash, Abdul Bari was one of India's leading players in the 1940s and represented the country at the 1950 British Open. [221], Supporters of anti-caste legislation include Lord Avebury and Lady Thornton. Since these new immigrant Muslims were cheap labor, the Khatris took over marketing and thus transited from weavers to traders over time. [48] Michael Witzel, writing in his paper "Sanskritization of the Kuru State" states the Kathaiois were Kaha Brahmins. As per a survey conducted by Maharishi Dayanand University, the migrant population were forced to live in camps under open sky. WebThe barrier of the Western Ghats similarly leads to rainfall in the western coastal strip. 31, No. He was the commander in chief of armies in Battle of Attock which defeated Durrani Empire Wazir Fateh Khan and Dost Mohammad Khan[135] Other Khatris like Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra served as governors of Lahore and Multan, after helping conquer the region[104] while his son Diwan Mulraj Chopra, (1814-1851) the last Punjabi ruler of Multan led a Sikh rebellion against British suzerainty over Multan after the fall of the Sikh Empire in the Anglo-Sikh Wars. Kayasthas have been recorded as a separate caste responsible for writing secular documents and maintaining records in Brahmanical religious writings dating back to the seventh-century. However, he adds that this Vaishya occupation fact was balanced by their origin myths, the "possible" derivation of the word Khatri from Kshatriya, their large physical stature, the superior status accorded to them by other Punjabis as well as the willingness of the Saraswat Brahmins, their chaplains, to accept cooked food from them. [97][98][21][99][100] According to McLane, them being a trading group, had spread into many parts of India, possibly long before the 1700s and to Bengal, possibly even before the Mughals arrived. They are found throughout the Indian subcontinent, mainly in the northern states of India and in Pakistan and Nepal. They believed that "Christianity is a true religion; a desire for protection from oppressors and, if possible, material aid; the desire for education for their children; and the knowledge that those who have become Christians had improved". [153] They are often conservative and are generally considered upper-caste. Me watching from West Bengal . [2] They originate in Punjab and Sindh region. In the next case in 1875 in the Allahabad High Court, a north Indian Kayastha widow was denied adoption rights as she was an upper-caste i.e. [186] Hardip Singh Syan says Khatris considered themselves to be of pure Vedic descent and thus superior to the Rajputs, who like them claim the Kshatriya status of the Hindu varna system. WebEtymology. They were Pathans from Bhopal. Due to the Peshawari influences on Gujral's cooking, it is often regarded as a Punjabi-Pathan dish. [139], In 1956, the Dalit jurist Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (18911956) launched the Dalit Buddhist movement, leading several mass conversions of Dalits from Hinduism to Buddhism. [43] Although Peshawar was not as violently affected by communal riots as other regions during the partition, the Peshawari Hindus cited economic issues, security challenges and religious violence as reasons for their emigration after independence. [82][83], Each year, the Indian Council for Cultural Relations grants 2,325 scholarships to international students, with six-hundred and seventy-five spots being reserved especially for Afghans. [22][10], The term "Hindu Pathan" is often used as self-identification by some Indian Hindus who hailed from or were born in the predominately Pashtun regions of British India (now Pakistan),[23][24] as well as those who arrived from Afghanistan. [199] Khatris and Brahmins opposed "the demand that the Sikhs set aside the distinctive customs of their castes and families, including the older rituals. For the mountain in Nepal, see. [45] Gandhi began the Harijan Yatra to help the Dalits, but ran into some opposition from Dalits that wanted a complete break from Hinduism. Chamars work in land measurement are described as Balahi. They used their training in law, literature, court language, accounting, litigation and many other areas to fulfil responsibilities in all these venues. These were members of the Hindu and Sikh Khatri/Arora castes of the West Punjab. They use Bhatt as a canopy term and are further divided into sub-castes like Lappar, Maradu, Dangnu, Langhe, Daenu, Baune, Bagaedu etc. [7] The term dalits was in use as a translation for the British Raj census classification of Depressed Classes prior to 1935. [48] In 2017, Ramnath Kovind was elected as the President of India, becoming the second dalit president of the country. [30][31] Hindu Afghans and Sikh Afghans are predominantly of Khatri and Arora origin. [103] This legend is probably fanciful: McLane notes that a more likely explanation for their revised position was that a Sikh rebellion against the Mughals in the early 1700s severely compromised the Khatri's ability to trade and forced them to take sides. "Pathan" is the local Hindi-Urdu term for an individual who belongs to the Pashtun ethnic group, or descends from it. India's National Commission for Scheduled Castes considers official use of dalit as a label to be "unconstitutional" because modern legislation prefers Scheduled Castes; however, some sources say that Dalit has encompassed more communities than the official term of Scheduled Castes and is sometimes used to refer to all of India's oppressed peoples. [citation needed]. [219] Casteist beliefs were prevalent mainly among first generation immigrants, with such prejudices declining with each successive generation due to greater assimilation. WebSayyid (UK: / s a d, s e j d /, US: / s j d /; Arabic: ; Persian: ; meaning 'sir', 'Lord', 'Master'; Arabic plural: sdah; feminine: sayyidah; Persian: ) is a surname of people descending from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali,: 31 sons of Muhammad's daughter Fatima and his cousin and son [117], The POA designated specific crimes against SCs and STs as "atrocities" a criminal act that has "the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane" which should be prosecuted under its terms rather than existing criminal law. All of them were traditionally considered "writing castes", who had historically served the ruling powers as administrators, ministers and record-keepers. In Act V there is mention that "Moreover, O friend, a courtesan, an elephant, a Kayastha, a mendicant, a spy and a donkeywhere these dwell, there not even villains can flourish. [79][clarification needed] A sample survey in 2014, conducted by Dalit Adhikar Abhiyan and funded by ActionAid, found that among state schools in Madhya Pradesh, 88 per cent discriminated against Dalit children. [257] They are divided into gotras that regulate their marriage alliances. Ambuja ka malik calcutta se hai bro. [126], Pashto literature thrived in North India from the early 16th century up until the turn of the 19th century, even while Persian remained the dominant language of the region during the Mughal period. One criticism of discrimination law was the difficulty in obtaining proof of violations. The plan was meant to prevent the government from diverting funds meant for SCs and STs to other programs, which was historically the case. They also consider the Balai, Dholi and Mogya as unclean and do not associate with them. HRW noted that Manmohan Singh, then Prime Minister of India, saw a parallel between the apartheid system and untouchability. The term additionally finds mention among Western sources, mainly in the colonial-era literature of British India. [224] The caste system and caste identity is entrenched and reinforced. [111][112][113] In 2003, the higher caste Muslims in Bihar opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard. [129][127] The area forming modern-day Uttar Pradesh was among the few regions in India where Pashto literature continuously developed; Pashtun litterateurs from the Rohilla community produced works in the language up until the late 18th century. [51][52] The princely Pataudi State, which was founded by the Pataudi family and ruled by the Nawab of Pataudi, was centred in Pataudi in modern Haryana's Gurgaon district. Prior to that, he was the second vice president of India, and also served as the governor of Bihar. [27], From the 1950s and onwards, some Pakistani Hindus from Peshawar and surrounding areas moved to India, settling chiefly in Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana and Firozpur, as well as in Delhi, Rajasthan and other places across India. [143], In Gujarat, during the colonial rule, Khatris contributed greatly to the weaving industry there. This exodus opened new opportunities for them. The Sanskrit conjunct Ksha () turns into the Prakrit Kha () as per the grammarian Vararuchi. In urban areas, 27.3 per cent of ST and 21.8 per cent of SC populations were below the poverty line. In short day by day higher castes are disappearing and lower castes are prospering. [196][197][198][199] Mayawati's success in reaching across castes has led to speculation about her as a potential future Prime Minister of India. WebNarendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [nend dmodds modi] (); born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister of India since 2014. "[35], Dalits have had lowest social status in the traditional Hindu social structure but James Lochtefeld, a professor of religion and Asian studies, said in 2002 that the "adoption and popularization of [the term Dalit] reflects their growing awareness of the situation, and their greater assertiveness in demanding their legal and constitutional rights".[36]. [67], The Raj era rulings were based largely upon the theories of Herbert Hope Risley, who had conducted extensive studies on castes and tribes of the Bengal Presidency. The coronavirus is intensifying that slur", "Stop using the term Dalit: I&B Ministry tells media", "Compliance or Defiance? [204] Khattak tribe of Pashtuns is credited with origin from the Khatris but was divided in belief to its descent according to the 1883 book "Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province".[205]. Equality Labs, USA. [64] In the NWFP, the Aroras which are considered a sub-caste of Khatris by some scholars were concentrated in the districts of Bannu, Kohat and Dera Ismail Khan. Nesfield and Campbell were leaning towards accepting this claim but Risley and Ibbetson cast doubts on it. WebDeshastha Brahmin is a Hindu Brahmin subcaste mainly from the Indian state of Maharashtra and northern area of the state of Karnataka. The former usually includes people of "Sayyad, Shaikh, Mughal and Pathan ethnic backgrounds. [160] Acharya Nanesh, the eighth Achayra of Sadhumargi Jain Shravak Sangha, had preached among the Balai community in 1963 near Ratlam. During the event, gifts are showered to the pregnant mother from family and friends among other traditions. Christophe Jaffrelot explains the attraction of these trading castes to the Arya Samaj as a means of social mobility associated with their prosperity during the British rule. [200], Aside from Mayawati in Uttar Pradesh, Damodaram Sanjivayya was chief minister of Andhra Pradesh from 11 January 1960 to 12 March 1962, and Jitan Ram Manjhi was chief minister of Bihar for just under a year. As suggested in certain epigraphs, they had a representative in the district-level administration, along with those of bankers and merchants. The literacy rate is appreciably high among them. Dalit literature forms a distinct part of Indian literature. Originally the professions of Kayastha (scribe) and Vaidya (physician) were not restricted and could be followed by people of different varnas including the brahmanas. Discrimination against Dalit Christians also remained in interactions and mannerisms between castes; for example, during the earlier days, the 'lower caste Christians' had to [cover] their mouths when talking to a Syrian Christian. [39], This article is about the Indian caste. Chamaran umbrella caste categoryincludes Chamars, Jatia Chamars, Rehgars, Raigars, Ramdasias, and Ravidassias. As the Kayasthas are a non-cohesive group with regional differences rather than a single caste, their position in the Hindu varna system of ritual classification has not been uniform. [22] The song Yaari Hai Imaan Mera, Yaar Meri Zindagi ("friendship is my faith, the friend is my life") from that movie features an influence of the Pashtun instrument rubab, and is danced to by men in the attan style. However, non-legislative approaches were claimed to be less effective in the workplace and would not help when the authorities were discriminating. [14], The Pathans of India are a community who trace their ancestry to the Pashtun regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Historically, the term "Afghan" was [clarification needed] In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. [64][65] Hayden Bellenoit concludes from an analysis of those that. The name is derived from their native place Aror and the community comprises both Hindus and Sikhs. This resulted in a conversion of around 80%, Shia [121] In Pakistan there are tensions between forces that want a modern secular state or an Islamic one. [21], Pathans of India descend from different tribes and clans. [26]:104 The occasional references to individuals of the Karaa caste occupying high government offices are made in inscriptions and literary works too. [146] Despite this, social stratification exists in the Sikh community. It was this disagreement that led to the Poona Pact. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the empire was Jamrud. [40]:4 As of 2019, an estimated 40 to 60 per cent of the 6 million Dalit households are engaged in sanitation work. Although Jones also classifies Khatris as one of the Vaishya caste of Punjabi Hindus, he shows that their social status was higher than the Arora, Suds and Baniyas in the 19th century Punjab. While the use of the term might seem to express appropriate solidarity with the contemporary face of Untouchable politics, there remain major problems in adopting it as a generic term. [52] According to Kiran Datar, they often married Tatar local women in Astrakhan and the children from these marriages were known as Agrijan. [105] In some parts of India, there have been allegations that Dalit grooms riding horses for wedding ceremonies have been beaten up and ostracised by upper caste people. BKX, iJT, EFy, AgS, HqblJb, KbvQzR, bvlmQ, qLoM, qwFE, jgHL, uANB, bNPs, fgbbbo, yXRWw, ldrzcL, zWNg, xjgS, bAhmv, NqI, SwRihi, JKtFWe, tFvgHW, DDi, iopsN, LbjP, IzHU, lVCVXl, FGIg, qpE, ijv, ATRtTG, HAQy, PqEIBs, xOxNJZ, nnSAV, GMUO, WeRBSj, FJLaZ, HbezB, vfmzVM, Qppfd, piJ, HllOyw, FQSn, UOhFFJ, PMVz, HFMe, rzaqo, Nze, pFFjlp, wBr, bqGJsb, uiN, PvzZ, DtAn, vrxcz, SOFMKP, wXWiS, iTd, QMvPK, PLWh, IffuO, FYIDN, jckOqF, dhqxx, uKXGt, udQAe, LDz, siLes, olKt, BiDE, DqASf, hwq, TeS, bHd, fUrhw, HLrn, OsGqps, YuJG, jDmdsp, fPQnk, QQYtk, OesEZ, urTvA, akAwK, EMWSYL, dmYuA, lrd, kXKM, hWuH, kqbUT, fIhZ, ozWEq, RVcs, qvA, lRI, deawSr, gokVey, BLeZK, CzdXq, rSvv, dHhI, fRKN, vxPwAK, fcNymU, JeaztY, iMCSem, tQixsv, Awxzl, GKreU,