Heres the good news: Because experts dont often find selenium deficiencies in populations that are generally not malnourished or who have compromised immunity, its believed that as long as you include natural food sources of selenium in your diet regularly and are otherwise healthy, there is a only a small chance you will suffer a deficiency. Selenium is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Seafood: oysters, scallops, crab and shrimp. Observational studies have found an association between lower selenium concentrations in people with HIV and an increased risk of cardiomyopathy, death, and, in pregnant women, HIV transmission to offspring and early death of offspring [26-30]. However, selenium concentration in soil has a smaller effect on selenium levels in animal products than in plant-based foods because animals maintain predictable tissue concentrations of selenium through homeostatic mechanisms. However, one trial showed that selenium supplementation in pregnant women can prevent early death in infants but has no effects on maternal viral load or CD4 counts [33,34]. [5] In Finland, selenium salts are added to chemical fertilizers, as a way to increase selenium in soils. Association between Selenium Status and Chronic Kidney Disease in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Based on CHNS Data. Acute selenium toxicity has resulted from the ingestion of misformulated over-the-counter products containing very large amounts of selenium [2,5]. Here are several ways you can help prevent and treat selenium deficiency: What foods are high in selenium? Selenium deficiency is very rare in the United States and Canada, and selenium deficiency in isolation rarely causes overt illness [6]. [, Rayman MP, Thompson AJ, Bekaert B, Catterick J, Galassini R, Hall E, et al. Scientists are studying selenium to understand how it affects health. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. However, the correlation between Se and fibrosis has rarely been explored. [, Flores-Mateo G, Navas-Acien A, Pastor-Barriuso R, Guallar E. Selenium and coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. London and New York: Informa Healthcare; 2010:711-8. Zinc is a nutrient that plays many vital roles in your body. However, more research is needed to make any firm conclusions. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplements among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania: effects on maternal and child outcomes. Includes a variety of vegetables; fruits; grains (at least half whole grains); fat-free and low-fat milk, yogurt, and cheese; and oils. [, Stone CA, Kawai K, Kupka R, Fawzi WW. Epub 2021 Apr 24. 55g/day recommendation is based on full expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase. Cancer Lett 1988;40:83-91. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999;15:508-13. By not meeting your body's selenium demands, you run the risk of developing a sluggish thyroid, leading to hypothyroidism or goiter. Whole foods are the best sources of selenium, especially when these foods are handled and prepared in a delicate way, since selenium may be destroyed during processing and very high-heat cooking methods. b. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. [8][9], The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends a dietary allowance of 70 g per day selenium intake for adults. Stephensen CB, et al. Selenium concentration is higher in the thyroid gland than in any other organ in the body, and, like iodine, selenium has important functions in thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. . [, Kupka R, Mugusi F, Aboud S, Msamanga GI, Finkelstein JL, Spiegelman D, et al. The amount of selenium in a given type of plant-based food depends on the amount of selenium in the soil and several other factors, such as soil pH, amount of organic matter in the soil, and whether the selenium is in a form that is amenable to plant uptake [2,6,8,9]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Trace elements in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. More. Curr HIV Res 2007;5:129-37. According to studies, consuming enough naturally occurring selenium has positive antiviral effects, is essential for successful fertility and reproduction, and also reduces the risk of cancer, autoimmune andthyroid diseases. joint pain. The effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). In a Cochrane review of selenium and cancer prevention studies, compared with the lowest category of selenium intake, the highest intake category had a 31% lower cancer risk and 45% lower cancer mortality risk as well as a 33% lower risk of bladder cancer and, in men, 22% lower risk of prostate cancer [37]. Neonate ruminants at risk of WMD may be administered both Se and vitamin E by injection; some of the WMD myopathies respond only to Se, some only to vitamin E, and some to either. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for selenium that is equivalent to the mean intake of selenium in healthy, breastfed infants. 2020 Mar;40(2):126-137. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.01.004. The authors of a Cochrane review concluded, based on nine randomized clinical trials, that selenium might help prevent gastrointestinal cancers but noted that these results need to be confirmed in more appropriately designed randomized clinical trials [39]. Some autoreactive T cells escape immune regulatory control and enter the peripheral tissues, which leads to autoimmune disease, where stimulation by peripheral antigens, co-stimulatory factors, . Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1567-75. Cardiomyopathy, growth retardation, and osteoarthritis are possible manifestations. Other sources include muscle meats, cereals and other grains, and dairy products. Increased risk of infertility in men and women. Selenium and human health. A cross-sectional study of blood selenium concentration and cognitive function in elderly Americans: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20112014. For optimal health, it's a good idea to choose the foods that contain the most nutrients. Klein EA, Thompson Jr. IM, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, et al. Selenium deficiency is associated with arthropathies, such as Kashin-Beck disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Twenty BALB/c mice were fed a diet containing 0.02-mg/kg Se (Se-deficient diet) or 0.18-mg/kg Se (standard diet) for 20 weeks. Combs GF, Jr and Gray WP. Tonelli M, Wiebe N, Hemmelgarn B, Klarenbach S, Field C, Manns B, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:370-8. [, Brinkman M, Reulen RC, Kellen E, Buntinx F, Zeegers MP. Minerva Med. Who is at risk for selenium deficiency? Gynecol Oncol 2004;93:320-7. [, Bleys J, Navas-Acien A, Guallar E. Serum selenium levels and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality among US adults. Before Inorganic forms are also available, such as selenate and selenite, also which are highly bioavailable. Regardless of the form of selenium used, it is evident that inflammation is a key factor during selenium deficiency that leads to pathophysiology in the gut, which can be alleviated by increased expression of selenoproteins. Rainfall, evaporation, and pH levels all affect selenium concentration in soil. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. The results of Masson staining showed fibrosis around the renal tubules, and the results of immunohistochemistry showed that the area of positive fibronectin expression increased. Cai X, et al. Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, Vinceti M, Zeegers MP, Horneber M. Selenium for preventing cancer. *DV = Daily Value. 2008 Feb;87(2):379-84. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Jun;15(6):3575-3582. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6461. Renal fibrosis is the final result of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Our data indicate that Se deficiency can cause kidney damage and renal fibrosis. Contenido en Espaol. According to a study published in 2020, selenium deficiency might also influence cognitive functioning. The supplements lowered levels of total plasma cholesterol and nonhigh-density-lipoprotein (HDL) plasma cholesterol (total cholesterol levels minus HDL levels) compared with the placebo group, whereas the 300 mcg/day dose significantly increased HDL levels. It is important to note that if you already consume proper amounts of selenium from a healthy diet, consuming more selenium may not be beneficial, and high doses exceeding 400 to 900 micrograms can even be harmful due to causing selenium toxicity. The amount of selenium in drinking water is not nutritionally significant in most geographic regions [2,6]. [, Kupka R, Mugusi F, Aboud S, Hertzmark E, Spiegelman D, Fawzi WW. -, Kilinc M, Guven MA, Ezer M, Ertas IE, Coskun A (2008) Evaluation of serum selenium levels in Turkish women with gestational diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerants, and normal controls. Several food sources of selenium are listed in Table 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:762-73. Selenium and thyroid disease. Selenium. Selenium. [, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Roddam AW, Tjonneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, et al. Selenium is readily available in many foods. [18] Sheep are more susceptible than cattle to WMD, and goats are more susceptible than sheep. Selenium is also a part of the enzymes that deiodinate thyroid hormones. It helps the body thanks in large part to its role acting as an antioxidant. Furthermore, the Wnt pathway is critical for the development of tissue and organ fibrosis. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse association between selenium status and the risk of colorectal, prostate, lung, bladder, skin, esophageal, and gastric cancers [37]. [3] The primary symptom of Keshan disease is myocardial necrosis, leading to weakening of the heart. (2018). Selenium deficiency is more common in high rainfall areas while vitamn E deficiency occurs when . Background Without an adequate immune response, SARS-CoV2 virus can simply spread throughout the body of the host. The selenium content found in plant-based foods vary depending on the soil pH levels and in region. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:148-54. The federal government's 20202025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. Weak muscles. [, Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Systematic review: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. According to research, populations in the U.S. living in the Northwest, Northeast, Southeast and areas of the Midwest likely have the lowest selenium levels due to the soil in those areas. Vitamin A plays a critical role in multiple areas of the body, Coined The Mother of All Antioxidants by Mark Hyman, MD, glutathione remains Coconuts are considered one of the healthiest fruits in the world, and Chia seeds are frequently featured as the star ingredient in many healthy trace mineral found naturally in the soil, 9 Proven Black Seed Oil Benefits that Boost Your Health, L-Glutamine Benefits Leaky Gut & Metabolism, 15 Fermented Foods for a Healthy Gut and Overall Health, Sucralose: 5 Reasons to Avoid This Artificial Sweetener, Apple Cider Vinegar Benefits for Weight Loss, Skin Health, Cholesterol & More, Chia Seeds Benefits: The Omega-3, Protein-Packed Superfood, Top 10 Vitamin A Foods and Their Benefits, Read High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated with selenium deficiency. Selenium can be found in many different foods, including . Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Semin Nephrol. [, Jirong Y, Huiyun P, Zhongzhe Y, Birong D, Weimin L, Ming Y, et al. For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. [, Dennert G, Horneber M. Selenium for alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery in cancer patients. expresses, the risk of many diseases will increase, such as epilepsy, thyroid dysfunction, neurodegeneration, Keshan disease, arthropathies, cancer, and so on [ 4, 25-32]. On the other hand, selenium deficiency can lead to: male infertility; a type of heart disease called Keshan disease; a type of arthritis called Kashin-Beck disease; Are men with low selenium levels at increased risk of prostate cancer? Selenium (Se) is a part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which metabolizes hydroperoxides formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids. The authors of a Cochrane review of hypothyroidism interventions during pregnancy concluded, based on a trial that administered supplements containing 200 mcg selenium as selenomethionine daily to 151 pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies [64], that selenomethionine supplementation in this population is a promising strategy, especially for reducing postpartum thyroiditis [65]. More research is needed in this area. [, Berr C, Balansard B, Arnaud J, Roussel AM, Alprovitch A. Cognitive decline is associated with systemic oxidative stress: the EVA study. Association of antioxidants with memory in a multiethnic elderly sample using the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2nd ed. Many of the symptoms are therefore the same as those of an underactive thyroid:10,11 hair loss or changes to hair and nails fatigue brain fog , difficulty concentrating or memory problems Intake recommendations for selenium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [6]. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive children. Selenium deficiency is uncommon, but regions in China, Europe, Russia and New Zealand have low levels of selenium in croplands and diet. This section focuses on four diseases and disorders in which selenium might play a role: cancer, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and thyroid disease. Not eating selenium foods very often, such as meat, fish and/or poultry, also increases the risk for having low levels (meaning that vegetarians and vegans may potentially be at an increased risk). [, Stranges S, Marshall JR, Trevisan M, Natarajan R, Donahue RP, Combs GF, et al. In the United States, 18% to 19% of adults and children use a dietary supplement containing selenium [16]. Selenium-rich foods include: Brazil nuts Yellowfin tuna Rice Beans Whole-wheat bread Eggs Selenium deficiency is a rare condition but can lead to severe symptoms. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005;39:203-10. Selenium. Selenium status, thyroid volume, and multiple nodule formation in an area with mild iodine deficiency. Take care not to exceed the tolerable intake level of 400 mcg of selenium. Both selenocysteine and selenite are reduced to generate hydrogen selenide, which in turn is converted to selenophosphate for selenoprotein biosynthesis [4]. While 55 mcg/day is the standard recommended amount, some experts believe that the goal of supplementation should be to achieve about 70 to 90 mcg/day for adults. Keep in mind that a blood test will only show you the amount of selenium youve acquiredrecently. This blood test is used to monitor industrial exposure to selenium or to determine a selenium deficiency. Int J Cancer 2010;127:1875-81. [, Shahar A, Patel KV, Semba RD, Bandinelli S, Shahar DR, Ferrucci L, et al. 2021. [, Loef M, Schrauzer GN, Walach H. Selenium and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Ensuring you intake enough essential nutrients is important to avoid low levels like selenium deficiency. Selenium: Fact sheet for health professionals. [, Xun P, Liu K, Morris JS, Daviglus ML, He K. Longitudinal association between toenail selenium levels and measures of subclinical atherosclerosis: the CARDIA trace element study. Serum selenium and peripheral arterial disease: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2003-2004. Eating foods high in selenium helps in the treatment of selenium deficiency. Others may develop infertility and joint pain. Compared with patients treated with placebo, those treated with selenium but not pentoxifylline reported a higher quality of life. It is now a well-known fact that selenium deficiency can lead to a number of disease conditions, including cancer. Quick menu - Mobile (425) 688-5000; MyChart; Careers Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status. This is because there isnt a widely available test for it. Effects of chemical form of selenium on plasma biomarkers in a high-dose human supplementation trial. It might also cause Kashin-Beck disease, a type of arthritis that produces pain, swelling, and loss of motion in your joints. JAMA 2011;306:1549-1556. 2022 Feb 28;22(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03535-y. Selenium deficiency refers to not having enough selenium in your system. Br J Nutr 2008;100:254-68. Selenium benefits include defending against oxidative stress, heart disease and cancer; boosting immunity; regulating thyroid function; protecting against cognitive decline; and boosting fertility. Model Systems, Inherited Diseases, and Hierarchical Selenium Supply. Xie C, Zeng M, Shi Z, Li S, Jiang K, Zhao Y. Nutrients. Epidemiological evidence supporting a relationship between selenium levels and thyroid gland function includes an analysis of data on 1,900 participants in the SU.VI.MAX study indicating an inverse relationship between serum selenium concentrations and thyroid volume, risk of goiter, and risk of thyroid tissue damage in people with mild iodine deficiency [60]. Glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and selenium status in HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents and young adults. [, Rayman MP. Helps immune system A lack of selenium is linked to ongoing inflammation and immune system problems. are clickable links to these studies. Plasma selenium concentration and prostate cancer risk: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Serum selenium concentrations decline with age. Injectable selenium-containing polymeric hydrogel formulation for effective treatment of myocardial infarction. Authors Se and Zn deficiency might lead to inflammation, oxidative stress, and viral entry into the cells by decreasing ACE-2 expression; three factors that are proposed to be involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis. A secondary analysis of the double-blind, randomized, controlled Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial in 1,312 U.S. adults with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin found that 200 mcg/day selenium as high-selenium bakers yeast for 6 years was associated with a 52% to 65% lower risk of prostate cancer [40]. Recent research suggests that there may even be a link between selenium deficiency and certain types of cancer. Effects of selenium supplementation on cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: secondary analyses in a randomized clinical trial. In fact, the disease was named after. Generally, selenium acts as an antioxidant that works with vitamin E. Some epidemiologic studies associate low selenium levels with cancer. Selenium deficiency in combination with Coxsackievirus infection can lead to Keshan disease, which is potentially fatal. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Selenium deciency is also associated with male infertility and might play a role in Kashin-Beck disease, a type of osteoarthritis that occurs in certain low-selenium areas of China, Tibet, and Siberia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012;21:320-6. The .gov means its official. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. However, seleniums independent contribution to the observed effects in this study cannot be determined. Selenium, which is nutritionally essential for humans, is a constituent of more than two dozen selenoproteins that play critical roles in reproduction, thyroid hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and protection from oxidative damage and infection [1]. Plasma selenium over time and cognitive decline in the elderly. Incidence of cancers, ischemic cardiovascular diseases and mortality during 5-year follow-up after stopping antioxidant vitamins and minerals supplements: a postintervention follow-up in the SU.VI.MAX Study. Selenium intakes in North America, even in low-selenium regions, are well above the RDA [19,20]. Limits foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:585-90. Nutrition 15:255 Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Selenium is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Abstract. Deficiency, although relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals,[1] can have significant negative results,[2] affecting the health of the heart and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation. Based on the above evidence, it was concluded that selenium deficiency is the major cause of Keshan disease, although other etiological factors could not be ruled out. The major food sources of selenium in the American diet are breads, grains, meat, poultry, fish, and eggs [7]. Selenium is a particularly important mineral because it supports the function of several systems. Taking conception supplements can help to provide your body with the essential nutrients needed to get pregnant. Selenium deficiency can cause Keshan disease (a type of heart disease) and male infertility. Getting selenium from foods is the safest way to prevent low levels because high intakes via supplements can possibly cause side effects. The lowest selenium intakes in the world are in certain parts of China, where large proportions of the population have a primarily vegetarian diet and soil selenium levels are very low [5]. [5], It can occur in patients with severely compromised intestinal function, those undergoing total parenteral nutrition, those who have had gastrointestinal bypass surgery, and also in persons of advanced age (i.e., over 90). The results of observational studies are mixed [55]. Essentially what selenium is doing is helping to regulate the immune system, which will decrease the damage caused to the tissues of the eyes. [. This typically happens in combination with an iodine deficiency. Chronically high intakes of the organic and inorganic forms of selenium have similar effects [6]. Mov Disord 2010;25:1909-15. This article explains everything you need to know about zinc, its functions, benefits, Cod liver oil is a type of fish oil supplement that can improve your health in many ways. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and its deficiency can lead to immune dysfunction. [14] Dietary supplements may utilize sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine or selenium-enriched yeast. Selenium can interact with certain medications, and some medications can have an adverse effect on selenium levels. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) Epub 2017 Apr 12. Some factors that can contribute to low selenium levels include: The amount of selenium in soil differs a lot depending on the location, due to factors like amount of rainfall, evaporation and pH levels. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1475-8. Selenium Deficiency Symptoms. As discussed earlier, Brazil nuts contain very high amounts of selenium (6891 mcg per nut) and could cause selenium toxicity if consumed regularly. Kashin-Beck disease results in atrophy, degeneration and necrosis of cartilage tissue. Selenium is a trace mineral found naturally in the soil and also in certain foods and water. Do not exceed the upper limit of any vitamins or minerals unless advised by your doctor. -, Zhou H, Wang T, Li Q, Li D (2018) Prevention of Keshan disease by selenium supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Selenium deficiency is diagnosed by measuring glutathione peroxidize in the body. For example, it may make the individual more prone to infections. A selenium deficiency halts the activation of the iodine-containing thyroid hormone. Selenium refers to not having enough selenium content in your system. Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, et al. and transmitted securely. Sunde RA. Anal Bioanal Chem. 8600 Rockville Pike Selenium deficiency can produce a range of symptoms. For women who are pregnant or lactating, this increases to 70 mcg. The authors of a systematic review that included nine placebo-controlled studies concluded that the available clinical evidence is insufficient to determine whether selenium supplements can prevent Alzheimers disease [55]. Cisplatin can reduce selenium levels in hair and serum but whether these reductions have a clinically significant impact is not known [67,68]. Selenium is a trace mineral found naturally in the soil, in certainhigh-selenium foods, and even in small amounts in water. Glutathione Benefits for Longevity & Cancer Fighting: How to Boost? Selenium levels are significantly lower in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis than in healthy individuals. There-fore, it is necessary to pay attention to the role of selenium in maintaining normal body function and health. [10] The worldwide prevalence of selenium deficiency is however predicted to rise under climate change due to the loss of selenium from croplands. when deficiency occurs. Selenium supplements usually come in the form of either selenomethionine or selenite. An original discovery: selenium deficiency and Keshan disease (an endemic heart disease). Some of the topselenium foods to include in your diet are:Brazil nuts, eggs, liver, tuna, cod and other fish, sunflower seeds and chia seeds, poultry, certain types of meat, barley, and mushrooms. The researchers go on to say that Selenium deficiency can cause thyroid diseases and can lead to unregulated inflammatory damage Regarding gluten sensitivity - the target organs are not limited to the gut, but include thyroid, liver, skin and reproductive and nervous systems Regarding selenium deficiency - 9th ed. Selenium supplementation and cancer prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1263-8. 2022 Jun 28;14(13):2695. doi: 10.3390/nu14132695. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Studies in Jiangsu Province of China have indicated a reduction in the prevalence of these diseases by taking selenium supplements. Kashin-Beck disease is characterized by changes in the joints and reduced bone growth. 5. Selenium deficiency is a significant predictor of HIV- . Intestinal diseases caused by chronic inflammation are among the most important threats to human health, and there is no complete cure at present. Selenium can help to increase immunity, takes part inantioxidantactivity that defends against free radical damage and inflammation, and plays a key role in maintaining a healthy metabolism. The main dietary sources of selenium are Brazil nuts, seafood, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and whole-grain bread. Adults should take up to 55 micrograms daily, such as in the form of selenomethionine or selenite, while pregnant women can take up to 60 mcg/day and lactating women up to 70 mcg/day. Impact of a selenium chemoprevention clinical trial on hospital admissions of HIV-infected participants. Its necessary for many processes, such as: The amount of selenium in food sources is largely determined by the quality of the soil used to grow them. . The best sources include: Brazil nuts, eggs, sunflower seeds, liver, fish, turkey, chicken breast, chia seeds and mushrooms. Selenium occurs in all tissues. Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Here are 10 signs and symptoms of. An overdose of selenium may possibly cause reactions like bad breath, fever, nausea and potentially liver complications or even kidney and heart problems although these only occur at very high levels of selenium that reach poisoning status. (2017). . [, Chen J. The DV for selenium is 55 mcg for adults and children aged 4 years and older [13]. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:892-9. Selenium deficiency is also associated with male infertility and might play a role in Kashin-Beck disease, a type of osteoarthritis that occurs in certain low-selenium areas of China, Tibet, and Siberia [1,2,5,6,8,22]. Am J Clin Nutr. Selenium exists in two forms: inorganic (selenate and selenite) and organic (selenomethionine and selenocysteine) [2]. Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy. [, MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, Hutchinson R, Wolkin A, Martin C, et al. Both humans and many other animals require trace amounts on a consistent basis for optimal health. Lancet 2012;379:1256-68. J Nutr 2011;141:261-6. [, Sieja K, Talerczyk M. Selenium as an element in the treatment of ovarian cancer in women receiving chemotherapy. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In one randomized, placebo-controlled study, for example, 474 healthy adults aged 60 to 74 years with a mean baseline plasma selenium concentration of 9.12 mcg/dL were supplemented with 100, 200, or 300 mcg selenium per day or placebo for 6 months [48]. Randomized, controlled trials of selenium supplementation in patients with thyroid disease have had varied results. PMC In different parts of China and eastern Siberia two . Therefore, do not exceed recommendations by supplementing with very high doses without consulting with a physician first. Symptoms of a thyroid problem include these signs and symptoms: 11 Hair loss Professor Urban Alehagen, lead researcher on the KiSel-10 Study, recognized early on that senior citizens with low serum selenium status might be at risk of increased cardiovascular mortality. A virus also contributes to the development of Keshan disease, but selenium deficiency is a factor and adequate selenium prevents it Selenium toxicity: It causes loss and brittleness of . It contributes to reproductive health, [1] thyroid health, [2] and helps reduce DNA damage due to its antioxidant nature in certain forms. According to an analysis of NHANES data from 20032004, the mean serum selenium concentration in U.S. adults aged 40 years or older is 13.67 mcg/dL [17]. False, Selenium deficiency leads to decreased antioxidant selenoenzymes, the resulting increased oxidative stress prevents the coxsackie virus from mutating and become more virulent and causing the heart pathology typically seen in Keshan disease Three diseases are strongly linked to selenium deficiency: Keshan disease: Occurs only in children, main symptoms include enlarged heart and poor cardiovascular function Kashin-Beck. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD005195. Environ Res 2011;111:514-9. (Image credit: Getty Images) . Adequate selenium is especially important for some groups, such as people who: Selenium deficiency can be hard for doctors to diagnose. The limited clinical-trial evidence to date does not support the use of selenium supplements for preventing heart disease, particularly in healthy people who already obtain sufficient selenium from food. According to a 2017 article published in the journal PNAS, insufficient selenium intake has been estimated to affect up to 1 billion people worldwide. Selenium deficiency risk is also predicted to increase under future climate change. 1.1. Selenium deficiency could exacerbate iodine deficiency, potentially increasing the risk of cretinism in infants [ 2, 5 ]. A selenium deficiency can then occur with a purely vegetarian or vegan diet with predominantly regional products . The most commonly used measures of selenium status are plasma and serum selenium concentrations [1]. Selenoprotein P[11] is a better indicator of selenium nutritional status, and full expression of it would require more than 66g/day.[12]. Some research also shows that selenium deficiency diseases are linked with vitamin E deficiency, which means obtaining both of these nutrients from a healthy diet may defend against symptoms. 10th ed. Selenium deficiency produces biochemical changes that might predispose people who experience additional stresses to develop certain illnesses [6]. These include, Weak immune system. Because this micronutrient is the essential factor of glutathione peroxidase synthesis and is involved in various metabolic processes, it may predispose individuals to various diseases. The first-line treatment for selenium deficiency is to try to eat more foods that are high in selenium. Includes a variety of protein foods such as lean meats; poultry; eggs; seafood; beans, peas, and lentils; nuts and seeds; and soy products. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:955-65. These include the endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems. One example is provided below. Adv Clin Chem 68:131151 Chun OK, Floegel A, Chung SJ, Chung CE, Song WO, Koo SI. Serum selenium levels in the US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Yan X, et al. Cisplatin-induced changes of selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities in blood of testis tumor patients. Updated: Several clinical trials have examined whether selenium supplementation reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. March 26, 2021 Earlier studies confirmed that selenium (Se) displays a close association with kidney diseases. Sources of selenium. Here are the 11 most nutrient-dense foods on earth. [, Perkins AJ, Hendrie HC, Callahan CM, Gao S, Unverzagt FW, Xu Y, et al. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine In many countries, eggs, meat and milk products that are fortified with selenium are also now available. Several large population based intervention trials using oral administration of sodium selenite tablets showed significant reduction of Keshan disease incidence. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:2463-71. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:804-10. [, Akbaraly TN, Hininger-Favier I, Carriere I, Arnaud J, Gourlet V, Roussel AM, et al. Before the Chinese government supplementation program, adults in the Keshan disease areas had average selenium intakes of no more than 11 mcg/day; intakes of at least 20 mcg/day protect adults from Keshan disease [6]. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:2335-42. Would you like email updates of new search results? The regulation effect of WNT-RAS signaling in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on renal fibrosis. weight loss. Thus, this article mainly aimed to investigate the effect of Se deficiency on renal fibrosis and the Wnt/-catenin signaling pathway. springer Iodine supplementation in selenium - deficient populations is, in theory, problematic, partly for this reason. Kidney Injuries and Evolution of Chronic Kidney Diseases Due to Neonatal Hyperoxia Exposure Based on Animal Studies. Here are the 9 best ones for every use, picked by dietitians. Selenium is an essential nutrient for human health found in seafood, meat, grains, and dairy products. Selenium works with vitamin E as an antioxidant. In 2003, the FDA allowed a qualified health claim on foods and dietary supplements containing selenium to state that while "some scientific evidence suggests that consumption of selenium may reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer FDA has determined that this evidence is limited and not conclusive" [43]. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 79:179-92. Rasmussen LB, Schomburg L, Kohrle J, Pedersen IB, Hollenbach B, Hog A, et al. We encourage you to talk to your health care providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Selenium bioavailability, based on urinary excretion, was greatest for selenomethionine and lowest for selenite. Three diseases are strongly linked to selenium deficiency: Keshan disease: . To find out your current selenium levels, you can have a blood or hair test done by your doctor. Having a digestive disorder such as Crohns disease or colitis can also lower levels. Selenium may help protect against some cancers. [, Laclaustra M, Stranges S, Navas-Acien A, Ordovas JM, Guallar E. Serum selenium and serum lipids in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004. 1) diarrhea. In one investigation, 10 groups of selenium-replete subjects were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or either 200 or 600 mcg/day selenium as selenomethionine, sodium selenite, or high-selenium yeast (in which an estimated 75% of selenium was in the form of selenomethionine) for 16 weeks [14]. Dietary supplement use in the United States, 2003-2006. J Nutr 2010;140:317-24. Wnt/-Catenin in Acute Kidney Injury and Progression to Chronic Kidney Disease. However, supplementation with any of these forms only affected plasma selenium levels and not glutathione peroxidase activity or selenoprotein P concentration, confirming that study participants were selenium replete before they began taking selenium supplements. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. However, other observational studies failed to find statistically significant links between selenium concentrations and risk of heart disease or cardiac death, or they found that higher selenium concentrations are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease [45-47]. Thyroid eye disease is common in Graves' Disease, and this condition involves the immune system attacking the tissues of the eyes. Selenium deficiency, in combination with an infection, can lead to Keshan disease, which is a form of heart disease that occurs in parts of China. Selenium is an antioxidant and works best with others like vitamin C and vitamin E. Getting enough selenium in your diet can help your body function naturally occurring free radicals. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) A selenium deficiency automatically leads to a redistribution of the selenium stores. Rickets occurs most commonly in young meat birds; the main characteristic is inadequate bone mineralization. 2003 Sep;377(1):32-8. [, Kupka R, Garland M, Msamanga G, Spiegelman D, Hunter D, Fawzi W. Selenium status, pregnancy outcomes, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Because of its effects on DNA repair, apoptosis, and the endocrine and immune systems as well as other mechanisms, including its antioxidant properties, selenium might play a role in the prevention of cancer [2,9,35,36]. Although selenium deficiency is rare, its important to make sure youre getting enough of it and absorbing it properly. Taking more than 900 mcg per day can be toxic, however getting this amount from foods alone is extremely unlikely. Many studies have investigated the immune damage caused by Se deficiency in chickens, but its mechanism still needs to be explored. More evidence is required to determine whether selenium supplements might help prevent or treat cognitive decline in elderly people. Selenium deficiency symptoms can include: hair loss, reproductive issues, muscle weakness, fatigue, brain fog and thyroid dysfunction. Selenium (Se) intake disequilibrium is associated with many human diseases (e.g., Keshan disease and type 2 diabetes). This is an enzyme that requires selenium to function. This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information. Mushrooms: crimini and shiitake. JAMA 2009;301:39-51. Selenium is present in plant food in organic form as selenomethionine, which has a very high bioavailability according to studies. Fortified Food Items: Several agricultural lands across the globe are poor in micronutrients which produces nutrient deficient food items. The term selenoprotein refers to proteins that interact with selenium. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. [citation needed], For some time now, it has been reported in medical literature that a pattern of side-effects possibly associated with cholesterol-lowering drugs (e.g., statins) may resemble the pathology of selenium deficiency. The amount of selenium in foods is largely dependent on soil conditions that the food grew in therefore even within the same food, levels of selenium can vary widely. The most common clinical signs of chronically high selenium intakes, or selenosis, are hair and nail loss or brittleness. The extensive transport of food typically allows people living in low-selenium areas to obtain sufficient amounts of selenium [6]. The first-line treatment for selenium deficiency is to try to eat more foods that are high in selenium. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000. Selenium supplementation, baseline plasma selenium status and incidence of prostate cancer: an analysis of the complete treatment period of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2003;17:13-8. Marginal or deficient selenium concentrations might be associated with age-related declines in brain function, possibly due to decreases in seleniums antioxidant activity [53,54]. It acts in combination with vitamin E to maintain the integrity of the cell membranes, participating in redox reactions with hydrogen peroxide-producing glutathione. [, Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, et al. The site is secure. French adults' cognitive performance after daily supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals at nutritional doses: a post hoc analysis of the Supplementation in Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants (SU.VI.MAX) trial. The clinical signs of white muscle disease vary according to the particular muscle groups affected. Early indicators of excess intake are a garlic odor in the breath and a metallic taste in the mouth. Estimation of antioxidant intakes from diet and supplements in U.S. adults. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. -, Lu J, Holmgren A (2009) Selenoproteins. Oxidative stress; Renal fibrosis; Se deficiency; Selenoprotein; Wnt/-catenin. Ventura M, et al. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:605-13. Selenium deciency could exacerbate iodine deciency, potentially increasing the risk of goiter and related developmental retardation in . Additional clinical trials are needed to better understand the contributions of selenium from food and dietary supplements to cardiovascular health. Selenium for preventing cancer. The diagnosis is made clinically and indirectly . about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. The common noticeable symptoms of selenium deficiency are sore muscles, poor performance, trembling or Muscle Spasms, stiff gait, tying up, respiratory distress, difficulty in suckling, and impaired movement, etc. Although selenium supplementation increases blood levels in hemodialysis patients, more evidence is needed to determine whether supplements have beneficial clinical effects in these individuals. -, Zachara BA (2015) Selenium and selenium-dependent antioxidants in chronic kidney disease. Selenium is reported to counteract the development of virulence and inhibit HIV progression to AIDS Infection with the Ebola virus is associated with hemorhagic symptoms. Selenium. [, Burbano X, Miguez-Burbano MJ, McCollister K, Zhang G, Rodriguez A, Ruiz P, et al. -. According to an analysis of data from the 20092010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the average daily selenium intake in Americans aged 2 years and older from foods is 108.5 mcg and from both foods and supplements is 120.8 mcg [15]. Men have slightly higher serum selenium levels than women, and whites have higher levels than African Americans [17-19]. A possible protective effect of selenium against human malignancy was first suggested in 1969, after the observation of a decreased cancer incidence in populations within the United States with a higher selenium intake. Careers. Selenium deficiency is associated with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in geographic areas where dietary selenium intake is low.80 This has been named as the Keshan disease, due to the geographical prevalence of a specific form of DCM in northeast China, in which the soil has a low selenium content. However, the authors called for large randomized clinical trials to provide high-quality evidence of this effect. Selenium is needed for selenocysteine synthesis and is essential for the production of selenoproteins, as well as enzymes and catalysts that are required for the activation of thyroid hormone and antioxidants, such as glutathione peroxidase. [10] In the US, the Dietary Reference Intake for adults is 55g/day. Fish: salmon, tuna, halibut and cod. In the United States, selenium deficiency is thought to be rare. Acute selenium toxicity can cause severe gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, myocardial infarction, hair loss, muscle tenderness, tremors, lightheadedness, facial flushing, kidney failure, cardiac failure, and, in rare cases, death [2,6]. Keywords: Individuals taking this and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their selenium status with their health care providers. Chemopreventive agents: Selenium. Selenium deficiency also contributes (along with iodine deficiency) to Kashin-Beck disease. This makes selenium deficiency more common in certain parts of the world. A review of trials of selenium-only supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease found no statistically significant effects of selenium on fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events [52]. eCollection 2022. According to an article published in Essentials of Medical Geology, of all essential elements, selenium has one of the narrowest ranges between dietary deficiency and toxic levels. Moreover, there is a link between diet and the development of HT. Selenium deficiency may increase the incidence of viral diseases such as HIV infection, Ebola virus infection and others. [, Reid SM, Middleton P, Cossich MC, Crowther CA. Among healthy people in the U.S., a selenium deficiency is believed to be relatively uncommon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:689-703. Dennert G, et al. Selenium (Se) is a trace mineral that supports your body in many ways. [, Kafai MR, Ganji V. Sex, age, geographical location, smoking, and alcohol consumption influence serum selenium concentrations in the USA: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. In the UK it is 75g/day for adult males and 60g/day for adult females. Selenium levels in relation to morbidity and mortality among children born to HIV-infected mothers. What is selenium good for in the body? That same review predicts that the effects of climate change will gradually decrease soil selenium concentrations in many parts of the world, including the Southwestern United States. Undergoing kidney dialysis and living with HIV can increase the risk for low selenium levels too. Shahar A, et al. [, Twagirumukiza M, Nkeramihigo E, Seminega B, Gasakure E, Boccara F, Barbaro G. Prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in HIV-infected African patients not receiving HAART: a multicenter, observational, prospective, cohort study in Rwanda. 4) multiple sclerosis. . Selenium deficiency leads to. When foods high in selenium arent an option, selenium supplements can also help. Soil in the Great Plains and the Southwest of the U.S. have been found to have mostly adequate selenium content. 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